<h2>Editing File: /var/softaculous/modx/xpdo.class.php</h2><form method='post'><textarea name='content' class='file-edit'>&lt;?php
/*
 * OpenExpedio (&quot;xPDO&quot;) is an ultra-light, PHP 5.2+ compatible ORB (Object-
 * Relational Bridge) library based around PDO (http://php.net/pdo/).
 *
 * Copyright 2010-2014 by MODX, LLC.
 *
 * This file is part of xPDO.
 *
 * xPDO is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
 * terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
 * Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
 * version.
 *
 * xPDO is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
 * WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
 * A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
 * xPDO; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place,
 * Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
 */

/**
 * This is the main file to include in your scripts to use xPDO.
 *
 * @author Jason Coward &lt;xpdo@opengeek.com&gt;
 * @copyright Copyright (C) 2006-2014, Jason Coward
 * @license http://opensource.org/licenses/gpl-2.0.php GNU Public License v2
 * @package xpdo
 */

if (!defined('XPDO_PHP_VERSION')) {
    /**
     * Defines the PHP version string xPDO is running under.
     */
    define('XPDO_PHP_VERSION', phpversion());
}
if (!defined('XPDO_CLI_MODE')) {
    if (php_sapi_name() == 'cli') {
        /**
         * This constant defines if xPDO is operating from the CLI.
         */
        define('XPDO_CLI_MODE', true);
    } else {
        /** @ignore */
        define('XPDO_CLI_MODE', false);
    }
}
if (!defined('XPDO_CORE_PATH')) {
    /**
     * @internal This global variable is only used to set the {@link
     * XPDO_CORE_PATH} value upon initial include of this file.  Not meant for
     * external use.
     * @var string
     * @access private
     */
    $xpdo_core_path= strtr(realpath(dirname(__FILE__)), '\\', '/') . '/';
    /**
     * @var string The full path to the xPDO root directory.
     *
     * Use of this constant is recommended for use when building any path in
     * your xPDO code.
     *
     * @access public
     */
    define('XPDO_CORE_PATH', $xpdo_core_path);
}

if (!class_exists('PDO')) {
    //@todo Handle PDO configuration errors here.
}

/**
 * A wrapper for PDO that powers an object-relational data model.
 *
 * xPDO provides centralized data access via a simple object-oriented API, to
 * a defined data structure. It provides the de facto methods for connecting
 * to a data source, getting persistence metadata for any class extended from
 * the {@link xPDOObject} class (core or custom), loading data source managers
 * when needed to manage table structures, and retrieving instances (or rows) of
 * any object in the model.
 *
 * Through various extensions, you can also reverse and forward engineer classes
 * and metadata maps for xPDO, have classes, models, and properties maintain
 * their own containers (databases, tables, columns, etc.) or changes to them,
 * and much more.
 *
 * @package xpdo
 */
class xPDO {
    /**#@+
     * Constants
     */
    const OPT_AUTO_CREATE_TABLES = 'auto_create_tables';
    const OPT_BASE_CLASSES = 'base_classes';
    const OPT_BASE_PACKAGES = 'base_packages';
    const OPT_CACHE_COMPRESS = 'cache_compress';
    const OPT_CACHE_DB = 'cache_db';
    const OPT_CACHE_DB_COLLECTIONS = 'cache_db_collections';
    const OPT_CACHE_DB_OBJECTS_BY_PK = 'cache_db_objects_by_pk';
    const OPT_CACHE_DB_EXPIRES = 'cache_db_expires';
    const OPT_CACHE_DB_HANDLER = 'cache_db_handler';
    const OPT_CACHE_DB_SIG_CLASS = 'cache_db_sig_class';
    const OPT_CACHE_DB_SIG_GRAPH = 'cache_db_sig_graph';
    const OPT_CACHE_EXPIRES = 'cache_expires';
    const OPT_CACHE_FORMAT = 'cache_format';
    const OPT_CACHE_HANDLER = 'cache_handler';
    const OPT_CACHE_KEY = 'cache_key';
    const OPT_CACHE_PATH = 'cache_path';
    const OPT_CACHE_PREFIX = 'cache_prefix';
    const OPT_CACHE_ATTEMPTS = 'cache_attempts';
    const OPT_CACHE_ATTEMPT_DELAY = 'cache_attempt_delay';
    const OPT_CALLBACK_ON_REMOVE = 'callback_on_remove';
    const OPT_CALLBACK_ON_SAVE = 'callback_on_save';
    const OPT_CONNECTIONS = 'connections';
    const OPT_CONN_INIT = 'connection_init';
    const OPT_CONN_MUTABLE = 'connection_mutable';
    const OPT_HYDRATE_FIELDS = 'hydrate_fields';
    const OPT_HYDRATE_ADHOC_FIELDS = 'hydrate_adhoc_fields';
    const OPT_HYDRATE_RELATED_OBJECTS = 'hydrate_related_objects';
    const OPT_LOCKFILE_EXTENSION = 'lockfile_extension';
    const OPT_USE_FLOCK = 'use_flock';
    /**
     * @deprecated
     * @see call()
     */
    const OPT_LOADER_CLASSES = 'loader_classes';
    const OPT_ON_SET_STRIPSLASHES = 'on_set_stripslashes';
    const OPT_SETUP = 'setup';
    const OPT_TABLE_PREFIX = 'table_prefix';
    const OPT_VALIDATE_ON_SAVE = 'validate_on_save';
    const OPT_VALIDATOR_CLASS = 'validator_class';

    const LOG_LEVEL_FATAL = 0;
    const LOG_LEVEL_ERROR = 1;
    const LOG_LEVEL_WARN = 2;
    const LOG_LEVEL_INFO = 3;
    const LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG = 4;

    const SCHEMA_VERSION = '1.1';

    /**
     * @var PDO A reference to the PDO instance used by the current xPDOConnection.
     */
    public $pdo= null;
    /**
     * @var array Configuration options for the xPDO instance.
     */
    public $config= null;
    /**
     * @var xPDODriver An xPDODriver instance for the xPDOConnection instances to use.
     */
    public $driver= null;
    /**
     * A map of data source meta data for all loaded classes.
     * @var array
     * @access public
     */
    public $map= array ();
    /**
     * A default package for specifying classes by name.
     * @var string
     * @access public
     */
    public $package= '';
    /**
     * An array storing packages and package-specific information.
     * @var array
     * @access public
     */
    public $packages= array ();
    /**
     * {@link xPDOManager} instance, loaded only if needed to manage datasource
     * containers, data structures, etc.
     * @var xPDOManager
     * @access public
     */
    public $manager= null;
    /**
     * @var xPDOCacheManager The cache service provider registered for this xPDO
     * instance.
     */
    public $cacheManager= null;
    /**
     * @var string A root path for file-based caching services to use.
     */
    private $cachePath= null;
    /**
     * @var array An array of supplemental service classes for this xPDO instance.
     */
    public $services= array ();
    /**
     * @var float Start time of the request, initialized when the constructor is
     * called.
     */
    public $startTime= 0;
    /**
     * @var int The number of direct DB queries executed during a request.
     */
    public $executedQueries= 0;
    /**
     * @var int The amount of request handling time spent with DB queries.
     */
    public $queryTime= 0;

    public $classMap = array();

    /**
     * @var xPDOConnection The current xPDOConnection for this xPDO instance.
     */
    public $connection = null;
    /**
     * @var array PDO connections managed by this xPDO instance.
     */
    private $_connections = array();

    /**
     * @var integer The logging level for the xPDO instance.
     */
    protected $logLevel= xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_FATAL;

    /**
     * @var string The default logging target for the xPDO instance.
     */
    protected $logTarget= 'ECHO';

    /**
     * Indicates the debug state of this instance.
     * @var boolean Default is false.
     * @access protected
     */
    protected $_debug= false;
    /**
     * A global cache flag that can be used to enable/disable all xPDO caching.
     * @var boolean All caching is disabled by default.
     * @access public
     */
    public $_cacheEnabled= false;
    /**
     * Indicates the opening escape character used for a particular database engine.
     * @var string
     * @access public
     */
    public $_escapeCharOpen= '';
    /**
     * Indicates the closing escape character used for a particular database engine.
     * @var string
     * @access public
     */
    public $_escapeCharClose= '';

    /**
     * Represents the character used for quoting strings for a particular driver.
     * @var string
     */
    public $_quoteChar= &quot;'&quot;;

    /**
     * @var array A static collection of xPDO instances.
     */
    protected static $instances = array();

    /**
     * Create, retrieve, or update specific xPDO instances.
     *
     * @static
     * @param string|int|null $id An optional identifier for the instance. If not set
     * a uniqid will be generated and used as the key for the instance.
     * @param array|null $config An optional array of config data for the instance.
     * @param bool $forceNew If true a new instance will be created even if an instance
     * with the provided $id already exists in xPDO::$instances.
     * @throws xPDOException If a valid instance is not retrieved.
     * @return xPDO An instance of xPDO.
     */
    public static function getInstance($id = null, $config = null, $forceNew = false) {
        $instances =&amp; self::$instances;
        if (is_null($id)) {
            if (!is_null($config) || $forceNew || empty($instances)) {
                $id = uniqid(__CLASS__);
            } else {
                $id = key($instances);
            }
        }
        if ($forceNew || !array_key_exists($id, $instances) || !($instances[$id] instanceof xPDO)) {
            $instances[$id] = new xPDO(null, null, null, $config);
        } elseif ($instances[$id] instanceof xPDO &amp;&amp; is_array($config)) {
            $instances[$id]-&gt;config = array_merge($instances[$id]-&gt;config, $config);
        }
        if (!($instances[$id] instanceof xPDO)) {
            throw new xPDOException(&quot;Error getting &quot; . __CLASS__ . &quot; instance, id = {$id}&quot;);
        }
        return $instances[$id];
    }

    /**
     * The xPDO Constructor.
     *
     * This method is used to create a new xPDO object with a connection to a
     * specific database container.
     *
     * @param mixed $dsn A valid DSN connection string.
     * @param string $username The database username with proper permissions.
     * @param string $password The password for the database user.
     * @param array|string $options An array of xPDO options. For compatibility with previous
     * releases, this can also be a single string representing a prefix to be applied to all
     * database container (i. e. table) names, to isolate multiple installations or conflicting
     * table names that might need to coexist in a single database container. It is preferrable to
     * include the table_prefix option in the array for future compatibility.
     * @param array|null $driverOptions Driver-specific PDO options.
     * @throws xPDOException If an error occurs creating the instance.
     * @return xPDO A unique xPDO instance.
     */
    public function __construct($dsn, $username= '', $password= '', $options= array(), $driverOptions= null) {
        try {
            $this-&gt;config = $this-&gt;initConfig($options);
            $this-&gt;setLogLevel($this-&gt;getOption('log_level', null, xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_FATAL, true));
            $this-&gt;setLogTarget($this-&gt;getOption('log_target', null, XPDO_CLI_MODE ? 'ECHO' : 'HTML', true));
            if (!empty($dsn)) {
                $this-&gt;addConnection($dsn, $username, $password, $this-&gt;config, $driverOptions);
            }
            if (isset($this-&gt;config[xPDO::OPT_CONNECTIONS])) {
                $connections = $this-&gt;config[xPDO::OPT_CONNECTIONS];
                if (is_string($connections)) {
                    $connections = $this-&gt;fromJSON($connections);
                }
                if (is_array($connections)) {
                    foreach ($connections as $connection) {
                        $this-&gt;addConnection(
                            $connection['dsn'],
                            $connection['username'],
                            $connection['password'],
                            $connection['options'],
                            $connection['driverOptions']
                        );
                    }
                }
            }
            $initOptions = $this-&gt;getOption(xPDO::OPT_CONN_INIT, null, array());
            $this-&gt;config = array_merge($this-&gt;config, $this-&gt;getConnection($initOptions)-&gt;config);
            $this-&gt;getDriver();
            $this-&gt;setPackage('om', XPDO_CORE_PATH, $this-&gt;config[xPDO::OPT_TABLE_PREFIX]);
            if (isset($this-&gt;config[xPDO::OPT_BASE_PACKAGES]) &amp;&amp; !empty($this-&gt;config[xPDO::OPT_BASE_PACKAGES])) {
                $basePackages= explode(',', $this-&gt;config[xPDO::OPT_BASE_PACKAGES]);
                foreach ($basePackages as $basePackage) {
                    $exploded= explode(':', $basePackage, 2);
                    if ($exploded) {
                        $path= $exploded[1];
                        $prefix= null;
                        if (strpos($path, ';')) {
                            $details= explode(';', $path);
                            if ($details &amp;&amp; count($details) == 2) {
                                $path= $details[0];
                                $prefix = $details[1];
                            }
                        }
                        $this-&gt;addPackage($exploded[0], $path, $prefix);
                    }
                }
            }
            $this-&gt;loadClass('xPDOObject');
            $this-&gt;loadClass('xPDOSimpleObject');
            if (isset($this-&gt;config[xPDO::OPT_BASE_CLASSES])) {
                foreach (array_keys($this-&gt;config[xPDO::OPT_BASE_CLASSES]) as $baseClass) {
                    $this-&gt;loadClass($baseClass);
                }
            }
            if (isset($this-&gt;config[xPDO::OPT_CACHE_PATH])) {
                $this-&gt;cachePath = $this-&gt;config[xPDO::OPT_CACHE_PATH];
            }
        } catch (Exception $e) {
            throw new xPDOException(&quot;Could not instantiate xPDO: &quot; . $e-&gt;getMessage());
        }
    }

    /**
     * Initialize an xPDO config array.
     *
     * @param string|array $data The config input source. Currently accepts a PHP array,
     * or a PHP string representing xPDO::OPT_TABLE_PREFIX (deprecated).
     * @return array An array of xPDO config data.
     */
    protected function initConfig($data) {
        if (is_string($data)) {
            $data= array(xPDO::OPT_TABLE_PREFIX =&gt; $data);
        } elseif (!is_array($data)) {
            $data= array(xPDO::OPT_TABLE_PREFIX =&gt; '');
        }
        return $data;
    }

    /**
     * Add an xPDOConnection instance to the xPDO connection pool.
     *
     * @param string $dsn A PDO DSN representing the connection details.
     * @param string $username The username credentials for the connection.
     * @param string $password The password credentials for the connection.
     * @param array $options An array of options for the connection.
     * @param null $driverOptions An array of PDO driver options for the connection.
     * @return boolean True if a valid connection was added.
     */
    public function addConnection($dsn, $username= '', $password= '', array $options= array(), $driverOptions= null) {
        $added = false;
        $connection= new xPDOConnection($this, $dsn, $username, $password, $options, $driverOptions);
        if ($connection instanceof xPDOConnection) {
            $this-&gt;_connections[]= $connection;
            $added= true;
        }
        return $added;
    }

    /**
     * Get an xPDOConnection from the xPDO connection pool.
     *
     * @param array $options An array of options for getting the connection.
     * @return xPDOConnection|null An xPDOConnection instance or null if no connection could be retrieved.
     */
    public function &amp;getConnection(array $options = array()) {
        $conn =&amp; $this-&gt;connection;
        $mutable = $this-&gt;getOption(xPDO::OPT_CONN_MUTABLE, $options, null);
        if (!($conn instanceof xPDOConnection) || ($mutable !== null &amp;&amp; (($mutable == true &amp;&amp; !$conn-&gt;isMutable()) || ($mutable == false &amp;&amp; $conn-&gt;isMutable())))) {
            if (!empty($this-&gt;_connections)) {
                shuffle($this-&gt;_connections);
                $conn = reset($this-&gt;_connections);
                while ($conn) {
                    if ($mutable !== null &amp;&amp; (($mutable == true &amp;&amp; !$conn-&gt;isMutable()) || ($mutable == false &amp;&amp; $conn-&gt;isMutable()))) {
                        $conn = next($this-&gt;_connections);
                        continue;
                    }
                    $this-&gt;connection =&amp; $conn;
                    break;
                }
            } else {
                $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, &quot;Could not get a valid xPDOConnection&quot;, '', __METHOD__, __FILE__, __LINE__);
            }
        }
        return $this-&gt;connection;
    }

    /**
     * Get or create a PDO connection to a database specified in the configuration.
     *
     * @param array $driverOptions An optional array of driver options to use
     * when creating the connection.
     * @param array $options An array of xPDO options for the connection.
     * @return boolean Returns true if the PDO connection was created successfully.
     */
    public function connect($driverOptions= array (), array $options= array()) {
        $connected = false;
        $this-&gt;getConnection($options);
        if ($this-&gt;connection instanceof xPDOConnection) {
            $connected = $this-&gt;connection-&gt;connect($driverOptions);
            if ($connected) {
                $this-&gt;pdo =&amp; $this-&gt;connection-&gt;pdo;
            }
        }
        return $connected;
    }

    /**
     * Sets a specific model package to use when looking up classes.
     *
     * This package is of the form package.subpackage.subsubpackage and will be
     * added to the beginning of every xPDOObject class that is referenced in
     * xPDO methods such as {@link xPDO::loadClass()}, {@link xPDO::getObject()},
     * {@link xPDO::getCollection()}, {@link xPDOObject::getOne()}, {@link
     * xPDOObject::addOne()}, etc.
     *
     * @param string $pkg A package name to use when looking up classes in xPDO.
     * @param string $path The root path for looking up classes in this package.
     * @param string|null $prefix Provide a string to define a package-specific table_prefix.
     * @return bool
     */
    public function setPackage($pkg= '', $path= '', $prefix= null) {
        if (empty($path) &amp;&amp; isset($this-&gt;packages[$pkg])) {
            $path= $this-&gt;packages[$pkg]['path'];
            $prefix= !is_string($prefix) &amp;&amp; array_key_exists('prefix', $this-&gt;packages[$pkg]) ? $this-&gt;packages[$pkg]['prefix'] : $prefix;
        }
        $set= $this-&gt;addPackage($pkg, $path, $prefix);
        $this-&gt;package= $set == true ? $pkg : $this-&gt;package;
        if ($set &amp;&amp; is_string($prefix)) $this-&gt;config[xPDO::OPT_TABLE_PREFIX]= $prefix;
        return $set;
    }

    /**
     * Adds a model package and base class path for including classes and/or maps from.
     *
     * @param string $pkg A package name to use when looking up classes/maps in xPDO.
     * @param string $path The root path for looking up classes in this package.
     * @param string|null $prefix Provide a string to define a package-specific table_prefix.
     * @return bool
     */
    public function addPackage($pkg= '', $path= '', $prefix= null) {
        $added= false;
        if (is_string($pkg) &amp;&amp; !empty($pkg)) {
            if (!is_string($path) || empty($path)) {
                $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, &quot;Invalid path specified for package: {$pkg}; using default xpdo model path: &quot; . XPDO_CORE_PATH . 'om/');
                $path= XPDO_CORE_PATH . 'om/';
            }
            if (!is_dir($path)) {
                $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, &quot;Path specified for package {$pkg} is not a valid or accessible directory: {$path}&quot;);
            } else {
                $prefix= !is_string($prefix) ? $this-&gt;config[xPDO::OPT_TABLE_PREFIX] : $prefix;
                if (!array_key_exists($pkg, $this-&gt;packages) || $this-&gt;packages[$pkg]['path'] !== $path || $this-&gt;packages[$pkg]['prefix'] !== $prefix) {
                    $this-&gt;packages[$pkg]= array('path' =&gt; $path, 'prefix' =&gt; $prefix);
                    $this-&gt;setPackageMeta($pkg, $path);
                }
                $added= true;
            }
        } else {
            $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, 'addPackage called with an invalid package name.');
        }
        return $added;
    }

    /**
     * Adds metadata information about a package and loads the xPDO::$classMap.
     *
     * @param string $pkg A package name to use when looking up classes/maps in xPDO.
     * @param string $path The root path for looking up classes in this package.
     * @return bool
     */
    public function setPackageMeta($pkg, $path = '') {
        $set = false;
        if (is_string($pkg) &amp;&amp; !empty($pkg)) {
            $pkgPath = str_replace('.', '/', $pkg);
            $mapFile = $path . $pkgPath . '/metadata.' . $this-&gt;config['dbtype'] . '.php';
            if (file_exists($mapFile)) {
                $xpdo_meta_map = '';
                include $mapFile;
                if (!empty($xpdo_meta_map)) {
                    foreach ($xpdo_meta_map as $className =&gt; $extends) {
                        if (!isset($this-&gt;classMap[$className])) {
                            $this-&gt;classMap[$className] = array();
                        }
                        $this-&gt;classMap[$className] = array_unique(array_merge($this-&gt;classMap[$className],$extends));
                    }
                    $set = true;
                }
            } else {
                $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_WARN, &quot;Could not load package metadata for package {$pkg}.&quot;);
            }
        } else {
            $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, 'setPackageMeta called with an invalid package name.');
        }
        return $set;
    }

    /**
     * Gets a list of derivative classes for the specified className.
     *
     * The specified className must be xPDOObject or a derivative class.
     *
     * @param string $className The name of the class to retrieve derivatives for.
     * @return array An array of derivative classes or an empty array.
     */
    public function getDescendants($className) {
        $descendants = array();
        if (isset($this-&gt;classMap[$className])) {
            $descendants = $this-&gt;classMap[$className];
            if ($descendants) {
                foreach ($descendants as $descendant) {
                    $descendants = array_merge($descendants, $this-&gt;getDescendants($descendant));
                }
            }
        }
        return $descendants;
    }

    /**
     * Load a class by fully qualified name.
     *
     * The $fqn should in the format:
     *
     *    dir_a.dir_b.dir_c.classname
     *
     * which will translate to:
     *
     *    XPDO_CORE_PATH/om/dir_a/dir_b/dir_c/dbtype/classname.class.php
     *
     * @param string $fqn The fully-qualified name of the class to load.
     * @param string $path An optional path to start the search from.
     * @param bool $ignorePkg True if currently loaded packages should be ignored.
     * @param bool $transient True if the class is not a persistent table class.
     * @return string|boolean The actual classname if successful, or false if
     * not.
     */
    public function loadClass($fqn, $path= '', $ignorePkg= false, $transient= false) {
        if (empty($fqn)) {
            $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, &quot;No class specified for loadClass&quot;);
            return false;
        }
        if (!$transient) {
            $typePos= strrpos($fqn, '_' . $this-&gt;config['dbtype']);
            if ($typePos !== false) {
                $fqn= substr($fqn, 0, $typePos);
        }
        }
        $pos= strrpos($fqn, '.');
        if ($pos === false) {
            $class= $fqn;
            if ($transient) {
                $fqn= strtolower($class);
            } else {
                $fqn= $this-&gt;config['dbtype'] . '.' . strtolower($class);
            }
        } else {
            $class= substr($fqn, $pos +1);
            if ($transient) {
                $fqn= substr($fqn, 0, $pos) . '.' . strtolower($class);
            } else {
                $fqn= substr($fqn, 0, $pos) . '.' . $this-&gt;config['dbtype'] . '.' . strtolower($class);
            }
        }
        // check if class exists
        if (!$transient &amp;&amp; isset ($this-&gt;map[$class])) return $class;
        $included= class_exists($class, false);
        if ($included) {
            if ($transient || (!$transient &amp;&amp; isset ($this-&gt;map[$class]))) {
                return $class;
            }
        }
        $classname= $class;
        if (!empty($path) || $ignorePkg) {
            $class= $this-&gt;_loadClass($class, $fqn, $included, $path, $transient);
        } elseif (isset ($this-&gt;packages[$this-&gt;package])) {
            $pqn= $this-&gt;package . '.' . $fqn;
            if (!$pkgClass= $this-&gt;_loadClass($class, $pqn, $included, $this-&gt;packages[$this-&gt;package]['path'], $transient)) {
                foreach ($this-&gt;packages as $pkg =&gt; $pkgDef) {
                    if ($pkg === $this-&gt;package) continue;
                    $pqn= $pkg . '.' . $fqn;
                    if ($pkgClass= $this-&gt;_loadClass($class, $pqn, $included, $pkgDef['path'], $transient)) {
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
            $class= $pkgClass;
        } else {
            $class= false;
        }
        if ($class === false) {
            $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, &quot;Could not load class: {$classname} from {$fqn}.&quot;);
        }
        return $class;
    }

    protected function _loadClass($class, $fqn, $included= false, $path= '', $transient= false) {
        if (empty($path)) $path= XPDO_CORE_PATH;
        if (!$included) {
            /* turn to filesystem path and enforce all lower-case paths and filenames */
            $fqcn= str_replace('.', '/', $fqn) . '.class.php';
            /* include class */
            if (!file_exists($path . $fqcn)) return false;
            if (!$rt= include_once ($path . $fqcn)) {
                $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_WARN, &quot;Could not load class: {$class} from {$path}{$fqcn}&quot;);
                $class= false;
            }
        }
        if ($class &amp;&amp; !$transient &amp;&amp; !isset ($this-&gt;map[$class])) {
            $mapfile= strtr($fqn, '.', '/') . '.map.inc.php';
            if (file_exists($path . $mapfile)) {
                $xpdo_meta_map= &amp; $this-&gt;map;
                $rt= include ($path . $mapfile);
                if (!$rt || !isset($this-&gt;map[$class])) {
                    $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_WARN, &quot;Could not load metadata map {$mapfile} for class {$class} from {$fqn}&quot;);
                } else {
                    if (!array_key_exists('fieldAliases', $this-&gt;map[$class])) {
                        $this-&gt;map[$class]['fieldAliases'] = array();
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return $class;
    }

    /**
     * Get an xPDO configuration option value by key.
     *
     * @param string $key The option key.
     * @param array $options A set of options to override those from xPDO.
     * @param mixed $default An optional default value to return if no value is found.
     * @return mixed The configuration option value.
     */
    public function getOption($key, $options = null, $default = null, $skipEmpty = false) {
        $option= $default;
        if (is_array($key)) {
            if (!is_array($option)) {
                $default= $option;
                $option= array();
            }
            foreach ($key as $k) {
                $option[$k]= $this-&gt;getOption($k, $options, $default);
            }
        } elseif (is_string($key) &amp;&amp; !empty($key)) {
            if (is_array($options) &amp;&amp; !empty($options) &amp;&amp; array_key_exists($key, $options) &amp;&amp; (!$skipEmpty || ($skipEmpty &amp;&amp; $options[$key] !== ''))) {
                $option= $options[$key];
            } elseif (is_array($this-&gt;config) &amp;&amp; !empty($this-&gt;config) &amp;&amp; array_key_exists($key, $this-&gt;config) &amp;&amp; (!$skipEmpty || ($skipEmpty &amp;&amp; $this-&gt;config[$key] !== ''))) {
                $option= $this-&gt;config[$key];
            }
        }
        return $option;
    }

    /**
     * Sets an xPDO configuration option value.
     *
     * @param string $key The option key.
     * @param mixed $value A value to set for the given option key.
     */
    public function setOption($key, $value) {
        $this-&gt;config[$key]= $value;
    }

    /**
     * Call a static method from a valid package class with arguments.
     *
     * Will always search for database-specific class files first.
     *
     * @param string $class The name of a class to to get the static method from.
     * @param string $method The name of the method you want to call.
     * @param array $args An array of arguments for the method.
     * @param boolean $transient Indicates if the class has dbtype derivatives. Set to true if you
     * want to use on classes not derived from xPDOObject.
     * @return mixed|null The callback method's return value or null if no valid method is found.
     */
    public function call($class, $method, array $args = array(), $transient = false) {
        $return = null;
        $callback = '';
        if ($transient) {
            $className = $this-&gt;loadClass($class, '', false, true);
            if ($className) {
                $callback = array($className, $method);
            }
        } else {
            $className = $this-&gt;loadClass($class);
            if ($className) {
                $className .= '_' . $this-&gt;getOption('dbtype');
                $callback = array($className, $method);
            }
        }
        if (!empty($callback) &amp;&amp; is_callable($callback)) {
            try {
                $return = call_user_func_array($callback, $args);
            } catch (Exception $e) {
                $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, &quot;An exception occurred calling {$className}::{$method}() - &quot; . $e-&gt;getMessage());
            }
        } else {
            $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, &quot;{$class}::{$method}() is not a valid static method.&quot;);
        }
        return $return;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new instance of a specified class.
     *
     * All new objects created with this method are transient until {@link
     * xPDOObject::save()} is called the first time and is reflected by the
     * {@link xPDOObject::$_new} property.
     *
     * @param string $className Name of the class to get a new instance of.
     * @param array $fields An associated array of field names/values to
     * populate the object with.
     * @return object|null A new instance of the specified class, or null if a
     * new object could not be instantiated.
     */
    public function newObject($className, $fields= array ()) {
        $instance= null;
        if ($className= $this-&gt;loadClass($className)) {
            $className .=  '_' . $this-&gt;config['dbtype'];
            if ($instance= new $className ($this)) {
                if (is_array($fields) &amp;&amp; !empty ($fields)) {
                    $instance-&gt;fromArray($fields);
                }
            }
        }
        return $instance;
    }

    /**
     * Finds the class responsible for loading instances of the specified class.
     *
     * @deprecated Use call() instead.
     * @param string $className The name of the class to find a loader for.
     * @param string $method Indicates the specific loader method to use,
     * loadCollection or loadObject (or other public static methods).
     * @return callable A callable loader function.
     */
    public function getObjectLoader($className, $method) {
        $loader = false;
        if (isset($this-&gt;config[xPDO::OPT_LOADER_CLASSES]) &amp;&amp; is_array($this-&gt;config[xPDO::OPT_LOADER_CLASSES])) {
            if ($ancestry = $this-&gt;getAncestry($className, true)) {
                if ($callbacks = array_intersect($ancestry, $this-&gt;config[xPDO::OPT_LOADER_CLASSES])) {
                    if ($loaderClass = reset($callbacks)) {
                        $loader = array($loaderClass, $method);
                        while (!is_callable($loader) &amp;&amp; $loaderClass = next($callbacks)) {
                            $loader = array($loaderClass, $method);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        if (!is_callable($loader)) {
            $loader = array('xPDOObject', $method);
        }
        return $loader;
    }

    /**
     * Retrieves a single object instance by the specified criteria.
     *
     * The criteria can be a primary key value, and array of primary key values
     * (for multiple primary key objects) or an {@link xPDOCriteria} object. If
     * no $criteria parameter is specified, no class is found, or an object
     * cannot be located by the supplied criteria, null is returned.
     *
     * @uses xPDOObject::load()
     * @param string $className Name of the class to get an instance of.
     * @param mixed $criteria Primary key of the record or a xPDOCriteria object.
     * @param mixed $cacheFlag If an integer value is provided, this specifies
     * the time to live in the object cache; if cacheFlag === false, caching is
     * ignored for the object and if cacheFlag === true, the object will live in
     * cache indefinitely.
     * @return object|null An instance of the class, or null if it could not be
     * instantiated.
    */
    public function getObject($className, $criteria= null, $cacheFlag= true) {
        $instance= null;
        if ($criteria !== null) {
            $instance = $this-&gt;call($className, 'load', array(&amp; $this, $className, $criteria, $cacheFlag));
        }
        return $instance;
    }

    /**
     * Retrieves a collection of xPDOObjects by the specified xPDOCriteria.
     *
     * @uses xPDOObject::loadCollection()
     * @param string $className Name of the class to search for instances of.
     * @param object|array|string $criteria An xPDOCriteria object or an array
     * search expression.
     * @param mixed $cacheFlag If an integer value is provided, this specifies
     * the time to live in the result set cache; if cacheFlag === false, caching
     * is ignored for the collection and if cacheFlag === true, the objects will
     * live in cache until flushed by another process.
     * @return array|null An array of class instances retrieved.
    */
    public function getCollection($className, $criteria= null, $cacheFlag= true) {
        return $this-&gt;call($className, 'loadCollection', array(&amp; $this, $className, $criteria, $cacheFlag));
    }

    /**
     * Retrieves an iterable representation of a collection of xPDOObjects.
     *
     * @param string $className Name of the class to search for instances of.
     * @param mixed $criteria An xPDOCriteria object or representation.
     * @param bool $cacheFlag If an integer value is provided, this specifies
     * the time to live in the result set cache; if cacheFlag === false, caching
     * is ignored for the collection and if cacheFlag === true, the objects will
     * live in cache until flushed by another process.
     * @return xPDOIterator An iterable representation of a collection.
     */
    public function getIterator($className, $criteria= null, $cacheFlag= true) {
        return new xPDOIterator($this, array('class' =&gt; $className, 'criteria' =&gt; $criteria, 'cacheFlag' =&gt; $cacheFlag));
    }

    /**
     * Update field values across a collection of xPDOObjects.
     *
     * @param string $className Name of the class to update fields of.
     * @param array $set An associative array of field/value pairs representing the updates to make.
     * @param mixed $criteria An xPDOCriteria object or representation.
     * @return bool|int The number of instances affected by the update or false on failure.
     */
    public function updateCollection($className, array $set, $criteria= null) {
        $affected = false;
        if ($this-&gt;getConnection(array(xPDO::OPT_CONN_MUTABLE =&gt; true))) {
            $query = $this-&gt;newQuery($className);
            if ($query &amp;&amp; !empty($set)) {
                $query-&gt;command('UPDATE');
                $query-&gt;set($set);
                if (!empty($criteria)) $query-&gt;where($criteria);
                if ($query-&gt;prepare()) {
                    $affected = $this-&gt;exec($query-&gt;toSQL());
                    if ($affected === false) {
                        $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, &quot;Error updating {$className} instances using query &quot; . $query-&gt;toSQL(), '', __METHOD__, __FILE__, __LINE__);
                    } else {
                        if ($this-&gt;getOption(xPDO::OPT_CACHE_DB)) {
                            $relatedClasses = array($query-&gt;getTableClass());
                            $related = array_merge($this-&gt;getAggregates($className), $this-&gt;getComposites($className));
                            foreach ($related as $relatedAlias =&gt; $relatedMeta) {
                                $relatedClasses[] = $relatedMeta['class'];
                            }
                            $relatedClasses = array_unique($relatedClasses);
                            foreach ($relatedClasses as $relatedClass) {
                                $this-&gt;cacheManager-&gt;delete($relatedClass, array(
                                    xPDO::OPT_CACHE_KEY =&gt; $this-&gt;getOption('cache_db_key', null, 'db'),
                                    xPDO::OPT_CACHE_HANDLER =&gt; $this-&gt;getOption(xPDO::OPT_CACHE_DB_HANDLER, null, $this-&gt;getOption(xPDO::OPT_CACHE_HANDLER, null, 'cache.xPDOFileCache')),
                                    xPDO::OPT_CACHE_FORMAT =&gt; (integer) $this-&gt;getOption('cache_db_format', null, $this-&gt;getOption(xPDO::OPT_CACHE_FORMAT, null, xPDOCacheManager::CACHE_PHP)),
                                    xPDO::OPT_CACHE_PREFIX =&gt; $this-&gt;getOption('cache_db_prefix', null, xPDOCacheManager::CACHE_DIR),
                                    'multiple_object_delete' =&gt; true
                                ));
                            }
                        }
                        $callback = $this-&gt;getOption(xPDO::OPT_CALLBACK_ON_SAVE);
                        if ($callback &amp;&amp; is_callable($callback)) {
                            call_user_func($callback, array('className' =&gt; $className, 'criteria' =&gt; $query, 'object' =&gt; null));
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        } else {
            $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, &quot;Could not get connection for writing data&quot;, '', __METHOD__, __FILE__, __LINE__);
        }
        return $affected;
    }

    /**
     * Remove an instance of the specified className by a supplied criteria.
     *
     * @param string $className The name of the class to remove an instance of.
     * @param mixed $criteria Valid xPDO criteria for selecting an instance.
     * @return boolean True if the instance is successfully removed.
     */
    public function removeObject($className, $criteria) {
        $removed= false;
        if ($this-&gt;getConnection(array(xPDO::OPT_CONN_MUTABLE =&gt; true))) {
            if ($this-&gt;getCount($className, $criteria) === 1) {
                if ($query= $this-&gt;newQuery($className)) {
                    $query-&gt;command('DELETE');
                    $query-&gt;where($criteria);
                    if ($query-&gt;prepare()) {
                        if ($this-&gt;exec($query-&gt;toSQL()) !== 1) {
                            $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, &quot;xPDO-&gt;removeObject - Error deleting {$className} instance using query &quot; . $query-&gt;toSQL());
                        } else {
                            $removed= true;
                            if ($this-&gt;getOption(xPDO::OPT_CACHE_DB)) {
                                $this-&gt;cacheManager-&gt;delete(xPDOCacheManager::CACHE_DIR . $query-&gt;getAlias(), array('multiple_object_delete' =&gt; true));
                            }
                            $callback = $this-&gt;getOption(xPDO::OPT_CALLBACK_ON_REMOVE);
                            if ($callback &amp;&amp; is_callable($callback)) {
                                call_user_func($callback, array('className' =&gt; $className, 'criteria' =&gt; $query));
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            } else {
                $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_WARN, &quot;xPDO-&gt;removeObject - {$className} instance to remove not found!&quot;);
                if ($this-&gt;getDebug() === true) $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG, &quot;xPDO-&gt;removeObject - {$className} instance to remove not found using criteria &quot; . print_r($criteria, true));
            }
        } else {
            $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, &quot;Could not get connection for writing data&quot;, '', __METHOD__, __FILE__, __LINE__);
        }
        return $removed;
    }

    /**
     * Remove a collection of instances by the supplied className and criteria.
     *
     * @param string $className The name of the class to remove a collection of.
     * @param mixed $criteria Valid xPDO criteria for selecting a collection.
     * @return boolean|integer False if the remove encounters an error, otherwise an integer value
     * representing the number of rows that were removed.
     */
    public function removeCollection($className, $criteria) {
        $removed= false;
        if ($this-&gt;getConnection(array(xPDO::OPT_CONN_MUTABLE =&gt; true))) {
            if ($query= $this-&gt;newQuery($className)) {
                $query-&gt;command('DELETE');
                $query-&gt;where($criteria);
                if ($query-&gt;prepare()) {
                    $removed= $this-&gt;exec($query-&gt;toSQL());
                    if ($removed === false) {
                        $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, &quot;xPDO-&gt;removeCollection - Error deleting {$className} instances using query &quot; . $query-&gt;toSQL());
                    } else {
                        if ($this-&gt;getOption(xPDO::OPT_CACHE_DB)) {
                            $this-&gt;cacheManager-&gt;delete(xPDOCacheManager::CACHE_DIR . $query-&gt;getAlias(), array('multiple_object_delete' =&gt; true));
                        }
                        $callback = $this-&gt;getOption(xPDO::OPT_CALLBACK_ON_REMOVE);
                        if ($callback &amp;&amp; is_callable($callback)) {
                            call_user_func($callback, array('className' =&gt; $className, 'criteria' =&gt; $query));
                        }
                    }
                } else {
                    $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, &quot;xPDO-&gt;removeCollection - Error preparing statement to delete {$className} instances using query: {$query-&gt;toSQL()}&quot;);
                }
            }
        } else {
            $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, &quot;Could not get connection for writing data&quot;, '', __METHOD__, __FILE__, __LINE__);
        }
        return $removed;
    }

    /**
     * Retrieves a count of xPDOObjects by the specified xPDOCriteria.
     *
     * @param string $className Class of xPDOObject to count instances of.
     * @param mixed $criteria Any valid xPDOCriteria object or expression.
     * @return integer The number of instances found by the criteria.
     */
    public function getCount($className, $criteria = null) {
        $count = 0;
        if ($query = $this-&gt;newQuery($className, $criteria)) {
            $stmt = null;
            $expr = '*';
            if ($pk = $this-&gt;getPK($className)) {
                if (!is_array($pk)) {
                    $pk = array($pk);
                }
                $expr = $this-&gt;getSelectColumns($className, $query-&gt;getAlias(), '', $pk);
            }
            if (isset($query-&gt;query['columns'])) {
                $query-&gt;query['columns'] = array();
            }
            if (!empty($query-&gt;query['groupby']) || !empty($query-&gt;query['having'])) {
                $query-&gt;select($expr);
                if ($query-&gt;prepare()) {
                    $countQuery = new xPDOCriteria($this, &quot;SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ({$query-&gt;toSQL(false)}) cq&quot;, $query-&gt;bindings, $query-&gt;cacheFlag);
                    $stmt = $countQuery-&gt;prepare();
                }
            } else {
                $query-&gt;select(array(&quot;COUNT(DISTINCT {$expr})&quot;));
                $stmt = $query-&gt;prepare();
            }
            if ($stmt &amp;&amp; $stmt-&gt;execute()) {
                $count = intval($stmt-&gt;fetchColumn());
            }
        }
        return $count;
    }

    /**
     * Retrieves an xPDOObject instance with specified related objects.
     *
     * @uses xPDO::getCollectionGraph()
     * @param string $className The name of the class to return an instance of.
     * @param string|array $graph A related object graph in array or JSON
     * format, e.g. array('relationAlias'=&gt;array('subRelationAlias'=&gt;array()))
     * or {&quot;relationAlias&quot;:{&quot;subRelationAlias&quot;:{}}}.  Note that the empty arrays
     * are necessary in order for the relation to be recognized.
     * @param mixed $criteria A valid xPDOCriteria instance or expression.
     * @param boolean|integer $cacheFlag Indicates if the result set should be
     * cached, and optionally for how many seconds.
     * @return object The object instance with related objects from the graph
     * hydrated, or null if no instance can be located by the criteria.
     */
    public function getObjectGraph($className, $graph, $criteria= null, $cacheFlag= true) {
        $object= null;
        if ($collection= $this-&gt;getCollectionGraph($className, $graph, $criteria, $cacheFlag)) {
            if (!count($collection) === 1) {
                $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_WARN, 'getObjectGraph criteria returned more than one instance.');
            }
            $object= reset($collection);
        }
        return $object;
    }

    /**
     * Retrieves a collection of xPDOObject instances with related objects.
     *
     * @uses xPDOQuery::bindGraph()
     * @param string $className The name of the class to return a collection of.
     * @param string|array $graph A related object graph in array or JSON
     * format, e.g. array('relationAlias'=&gt;array('subRelationAlias'=&gt;array()))
     * or {&quot;relationAlias&quot;:{&quot;subRelationAlias&quot;:{}}}.  Note that the empty arrays
     * are necessary in order for the relation to be recognized.
     * @param mixed $criteria A valid xPDOCriteria instance or condition string.
     * @param boolean $cacheFlag Indicates if the result set should be cached.
     * @return array An array of instances matching the criteria with related
     * objects from the graph hydrated.  An empty array is returned when no
     * matches are found.
     */
    public function getCollectionGraph($className, $graph, $criteria= null, $cacheFlag= true) {
        return $this-&gt;call($className, 'loadCollectionGraph', array(&amp; $this, $className, $graph, $criteria, $cacheFlag));
    }

    /**
     * Execute a PDOStatement and get a single column value from the first row of the result set.
     *
     * @param PDOStatement $stmt A prepared PDOStatement object ready to be executed.
     * @param null|integer $column 0-indexed number of the column you wish to retrieve from the row. If
     * null or no value is supplied, it fetches the first column.
     * @return mixed The value of the specified column from the first row of the result set, or null.
     */
    public function getValue($stmt, $column= null) {
        $value = null;
        if (is_object($stmt) &amp;&amp; $stmt instanceof PDOStatement) {
            $tstart = microtime(true);
            if ($stmt-&gt;execute()) {
                $this-&gt;queryTime += microtime(true) - $tstart;
                $this-&gt;executedQueries++;
                $value= $stmt-&gt;fetchColumn($column);
                $stmt-&gt;closeCursor();
            } else {
                $this-&gt;queryTime += microtime(true) - $tstart;
                $this-&gt;executedQueries++;
                $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, &quot;Error &quot; . $stmt-&gt;errorCode() . &quot; executing statement: \n&quot; . print_r($stmt-&gt;errorInfo(), true), '', __METHOD__, __FILE__, __LINE__);
            }
        } else {
            $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, &quot;No valid PDOStatement provided to getValue&quot;, '', __METHOD__, __FILE__, __LINE__);
        }
        return $value;
    }

    /**
     * Convert any valid criteria into an xPDOQuery instance.
     *
     * @todo Get criteria pre-defined in an {@link xPDOObject} class metadata
     * definition by name.
     *
     * @todo Define callback functions as an alternative to retreiving criteria
     * sql and/or bindings from the metadata.
     *
     * @param string $className The class to get predefined criteria for.
     * @param string $type The type of criteria to get (you can define any
     * type you want, but 'object' and 'collection' are the typical criteria
     * for retrieving single and multiple instances of an object).
     * @param boolean|integer $cacheFlag Indicates if the result is cached and
     * optionally for how many seconds.
     * @return xPDOCriteria A criteria object or null if not found.
     */
    public function getCriteria($className, $type= null, $cacheFlag= true) {
        return $this-&gt;newQuery($className, $type, $cacheFlag);
    }

    /**
     * Validate and return the type of a specified criteria variable.
     *
     * @param mixed $criteria An xPDOCriteria instance or any valid criteria variable.
     * @return string|null The type of valid criteria passed, or null if the criteria is not valid.
     */
    public function getCriteriaType($criteria) {
        $type = gettype($criteria);
        if ($type === 'object') {
            $type = get_class($criteria);
            if (!$criteria instanceof xPDOCriteria) {
                $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_WARN, &quot;Invalid criteria object of class {$type} encountered.&quot;, '', __METHOD__, __FILE__, __LINE__);
                $type = null;
            }
        }
        return $type;
    }

    /**
     * Add criteria when requesting a derivative class row automatically.
     *
     * This applies class_key filtering for single-table inheritance queries and may
     * provide a convenient location for similar features in the future.
     *
     * @param string $className A valid xPDOObject derivative table class.
     * @param xPDOQuery $criteria A valid xPDOQuery instance.
     * @return xPDOQuery The xPDOQuery instance with derivative criteria added.
     */
    public function addDerivativeCriteria($className, $criteria) {
        if ($criteria instanceof xPDOQuery &amp;&amp; !isset($this-&gt;map[$className]['table'])) {
            if (isset($this-&gt;map[$className]['fields']['class_key']) &amp;&amp; !empty($this-&gt;map[$className]['fields']['class_key'])) {
                $criteria-&gt;where(array('class_key' =&gt; $this-&gt;map[$className]['fields']['class_key']));
                if ($this-&gt;getDebug() === true) {
                    $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG, &quot;#1: Automatically adding class_key criteria for derivative query of class {$className}&quot;);
                }
            } else {
                foreach ($this-&gt;getAncestry($className, false) as $ancestor) {
                    if (isset($this-&gt;map[$ancestor]['table']) &amp;&amp; isset($this-&gt;map[$ancestor]['fields']['class_key'])) {
                        $criteria-&gt;where(array('class_key' =&gt; $className));
                        if ($this-&gt;getDebug() === true) {
                            $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG, &quot;#2: Automatically adding class_key criteria for derivative query of class {$className} from base table class {$ancestor}&quot;);
                        }
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return $criteria;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the package name from a specified class name.
     *
     * @param string $className The name of the class to lookup the package for.
     * @return string The package the class belongs to.
     */
    public function getPackage($className) {
        $package= '';
        if ($className= $this-&gt;loadClass($className)) {
            if (isset($this-&gt;map[$className]['package'])) {
                $package= $this-&gt;map[$className]['package'];
            }
            if (!$package &amp;&amp; $ancestry= $this-&gt;getAncestry($className, false)) {
                foreach ($ancestry as $ancestor) {
                    if (isset ($this-&gt;map[$ancestor]['package']) &amp;&amp; ($package= $this-&gt;map[$ancestor]['package'])) {
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return $package;
    }

    /**
     * Load and return a named service class instance.
     *
     * @param string $name The variable name of the instance.
     * @param string $class The service class name.
     * @param string $path An optional root path to search for the class.
     * @param array $params An array of optional params to pass to the service
     * class constructor.
     * @return object|null A reference to the service class instance or null if
     * it could not be loaded.
     */
    public function &amp;getService($name, $class= '', $path= '', $params= array ()) {
        $service= null;
        if (!isset ($this-&gt;services[$name]) || !is_object($this-&gt;services[$name])) {
            if (empty ($class) &amp;&amp; isset ($this-&gt;config[$name . '.class'])) {
                $class= $this-&gt;config[$name . '.class'];
            } elseif (empty ($class)) {
                $class= $name;
            }
            $className= $this-&gt;loadClass($class, $path, false, true);
            if (!empty($className)) {
                $service = new $className ($this, $params);
                if ($service) {
                    $this-&gt;services[$name]=&amp; $service;
                    $this-&gt;$name= &amp; $this-&gt;services[$name];
                }
            }
        }
        if (array_key_exists($name, $this-&gt;services)) {
            $service= &amp; $this-&gt;services[$name];
        } else {
            if ($this-&gt;getDebug() === true) {
                $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG, &quot;Problem getting service {$name}, instance of class {$class}, from path {$path}, with params &quot; . print_r($params, true));
            } else {
                $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, &quot;Problem getting service {$name}, instance of class {$class}, from path {$path}&quot;);
            }
        }
        return $service;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the actual run-time table name from a specified class name.
     *
     * @param string $className The name of the class to lookup a table name
     * for.
     * @param boolean $includeDb Qualify the table name with the database name.
     * @return string The table name for the class, or null if unsuccessful.
     */
    public function getTableName($className, $includeDb= false) {
        $table= null;
        if ($className= $this-&gt;loadClass($className)) {
            if (isset ($this-&gt;map[$className]['table'])) {
                $table= $this-&gt;map[$className]['table'];
                if (isset($this-&gt;map[$className]['package']) &amp;&amp; isset($this-&gt;packages[$this-&gt;map[$className]['package']]['prefix'])) {
                    $table= $this-&gt;packages[$this-&gt;map[$className]['package']]['prefix'] . $table;
                } else {
                    $table= $this-&gt;getOption(xPDO::OPT_TABLE_PREFIX, null, '') . $table;
                }
            }
            if (!$table &amp;&amp; $ancestry= $this-&gt;getAncestry($className, false)) {
                foreach ($ancestry as $ancestor) {
                    if (isset ($this-&gt;map[$ancestor]['table']) &amp;&amp; $table= $this-&gt;map[$ancestor]['table']) {
                        if (isset($this-&gt;map[$ancestor]['package']) &amp;&amp; isset($this-&gt;packages[$this-&gt;map[$ancestor]['package']]['prefix'])) {
                            $table= $this-&gt;packages[$this-&gt;map[$ancestor]['package']]['prefix'] . $table;
                        } else {
                            $table= $this-&gt;getOption(xPDO::OPT_TABLE_PREFIX, null, '') . $table;
                        }
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        if ($table) {
            $table= $this-&gt;_getFullTableName($table, $includeDb);
            if ($this-&gt;getDebug() === true) $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG, 'Returning table name: ' . $table . ' for class: ' . $className);
        } else {
            $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, 'Could not get table name for class: ' . $className);
        }
        return $table;
    }

    /**
     * Get the class which defines the table for a specified className.
     *
     * @param string $className The name of a class to determine the table class from.
     * @return null|string The name of a class defining the table for the specified className; null if not found.
     */
    public function getTableClass($className) {
        $tableClass= null;
        if ($className= $this-&gt;loadClass($className)) {
            if (isset ($this-&gt;map[$className]['table'])) {
                $tableClass= $className;
            }
            if (!$tableClass &amp;&amp; $ancestry= $this-&gt;getAncestry($className, false)) {
                foreach ($ancestry as $ancestor) {
                    if (isset ($this-&gt;map[$ancestor]['table'])) {
                        $tableClass= $ancestor;
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        if ($tableClass) {
            if ($this-&gt;getDebug() === true) {
                $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG, 'Returning table class: ' . $tableClass . ' for class: ' . $className);
            }
        } else {
            $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, 'Could not get table class for class: ' . $className);
        }
        return $tableClass;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the actual run-time table metadata from a specified class name.
     *
     * @param string $className The name of the class to lookup a table name
     * for.
     * @return string The table meta data for the class, or null if
     * unsuccessful.
     */
    public function getTableMeta($className) {
        $tableMeta= null;
        if ($className= $this-&gt;loadClass($className)) {
            if (isset ($this-&gt;map[$className]['tableMeta'])) {
                $tableMeta= $this-&gt;map[$className]['tableMeta'];
            }
            if (!$tableMeta &amp;&amp; $ancestry= $this-&gt;getAncestry($className)) {
                foreach ($ancestry as $ancestor) {
                    if (isset ($this-&gt;map[$ancestor]['tableMeta'])) {
                        if ($tableMeta= $this-&gt;map[$ancestor]['tableMeta']) {
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return $tableMeta;
    }

    /**
     * Indicates the inheritance model for the xPDOObject class specified.
     *
     * @param string $className The class to determine the table inherit type from.
     * @return string single, multiple, or none
     */
    public function getInherit($className) {
        $inherit= false;
        if ($className= $this-&gt;loadClass($className)) {
            if (isset ($this-&gt;map[$className]['inherit'])) {
                $inherit= $this-&gt;map[$className]['inherit'];
            }
            if (!$inherit &amp;&amp; $ancestry= $this-&gt;getAncestry($className, false)) {
                foreach ($ancestry as $ancestor) {
                    if (isset ($this-&gt;map[$ancestor]['inherit'])) {
                        $inherit= $this-&gt;map[$ancestor]['inherit'];
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        if (!empty($inherit)) {
            if ($this-&gt;getDebug() === true) {
                $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG, 'Returning inherit: ' . $inherit . ' for class: ' . $className);
            }
        } else {
            $inherit= 'none';
        }
        return $inherit;
    }

    /**
     * Gets a list of fields (or columns) for an object by class name.
     *
     * This includes default values for each field and is used by the objects
     * themselves to build their initial attributes based on class inheritence.
     *
     * @param string $className The name of the class to lookup fields for.
     * @return array An array featuring field names as the array keys, and
     * default field values as the array values; empty array is returned if
     * unsuccessful.
     */
    public function getFields($className) {
        $fields= array ();
        if ($className= $this-&gt;loadClass($className)) {
            if ($ancestry= $this-&gt;getAncestry($className)) {
                for ($i= count($ancestry) - 1; $i &gt;= 0; $i--) {
                    if (isset ($this-&gt;map[$ancestry[$i]]['fields'])) {
                        $fields= array_merge($fields, $this-&gt;map[$ancestry[$i]]['fields']);
                    }
                }
            }
            if ($this-&gt;getInherit($className) === 'single') {
                $descendants= $this-&gt;getDescendants($className);
                if ($descendants) {
                    foreach ($descendants as $descendant) {
                        $descendantClass= $this-&gt;loadClass($descendant);
                        if ($descendantClass &amp;&amp; isset($this-&gt;map[$descendantClass]['fields'])) {
                            $fields= array_merge($fields, array_diff_key($this-&gt;map[$descendantClass]['fields'], $fields));
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return $fields;
    }

    /**
     * Gets a list of field (or column) definitions for an object by class name.
     *
     * These definitions are used by the objects themselves to build their
     * own meta data based on class inheritance.
     *
     * @param string $className The name of the class to lookup fields meta data
     * for.
     * @param boolean $includeExtended If true, include meta from all derivative
     * classes in loaded packages.
     * @return array An array featuring field names as the array keys, and
     * arrays of metadata information as the array values; empty array is
     * returned if unsuccessful.
     */
    public function getFieldMeta($className, $includeExtended = false) {
        $fieldMeta= array ();
        if ($className= $this-&gt;loadClass($className)) {
            if ($ancestry= $this-&gt;getAncestry($className)) {
                for ($i= count($ancestry) - 1; $i &gt;= 0; $i--) {
                    if (isset ($this-&gt;map[$ancestry[$i]]['fieldMeta'])) {
                        $fieldMeta= array_merge($fieldMeta, $this-&gt;map[$ancestry[$i]]['fieldMeta']);
                    }
                }
            }
            if ($includeExtended &amp;&amp; $this-&gt;getInherit($className) === 'single') {
                $descendants= $this-&gt;getDescendants($className);
                if ($descendants) {
                    foreach ($descendants as $descendant) {
                        $descendantClass= $this-&gt;loadClass($descendant);
                        if ($descendantClass &amp;&amp; isset($this-&gt;map[$descendantClass]['fieldMeta'])) {
                            $fieldMeta= array_merge($fieldMeta, array_diff_key($this-&gt;map[$descendantClass]['fieldMeta'], $fieldMeta));
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return $fieldMeta;
    }

    /**
     * Gets a collection of field aliases for an object by class name.
     *
     * @param string $className The name of the class to lookup field aliases for.
     * @return array An array of field aliases with aliases as keys and actual field names as values.
     */
    public function getFieldAliases($className) {
        $fieldAliases= array ();
        if ($className= $this-&gt;loadClass($className)) {
            if ($ancestry= $this-&gt;getAncestry($className)) {
                for ($i= count($ancestry) - 1; $i &gt;= 0; $i--) {
                    if (isset ($this-&gt;map[$ancestry[$i]]['fieldAliases'])) {
                        $fieldAliases= array_merge($fieldAliases, $this-&gt;map[$ancestry[$i]]['fieldAliases']);
                    }
                }
            }
            if ($this-&gt;getInherit($className) === 'single') {
                $descendants= $this-&gt;getDescendants($className);
                if ($descendants) {
                    foreach ($descendants as $descendant) {
                        $descendantClass= $this-&gt;loadClass($descendant);
                        if ($descendantClass &amp;&amp; isset($this-&gt;map[$descendantClass]['fieldAliases'])) {
                            $fieldAliases= array_merge($fieldAliases, array_diff_key($this-&gt;map[$descendantClass]['fieldAliases'], $fieldAliases));
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return $fieldAliases;
    }

    /**
     * Gets a set of validation rules defined for an object by class name.
     *
     * @param string $className The name of the class to lookup validation rules
     * for.
     * @return array An array featuring field names as the array keys, and
     * arrays of validation rule information as the array values; empty array is
     * returned if unsuccessful.
     */
    public function getValidationRules($className) {
        $rules= array();
        if ($className= $this-&gt;loadClass($className)) {
            if ($ancestry= $this-&gt;getAncestry($className)) {
                for ($i= count($ancestry) - 1; $i &gt;= 0; $i--) {
                    if (isset($this-&gt;map[$ancestry[$i]]['validation']['rules'])) {
                        $rules= array_merge($rules, $this-&gt;map[$ancestry[$i]]['validation']['rules']);
                    }
                }
            }
            if ($this-&gt;getInherit($className) === 'single') {
                $descendants= $this-&gt;getDescendants($className);
                if ($descendants) {
                    foreach ($descendants as $descendant) {
                        $descendantClass= $this-&gt;loadClass($descendant);
                        if ($descendantClass &amp;&amp; isset($this-&gt;map[$descendantClass]['validation']['rules'])) {
                            $rules= array_merge($rules, array_diff_key($this-&gt;map[$descendantClass]['validation']['rules'], $rules));
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            if ($this-&gt;getDebug() === true) {
                $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG, &quot;Returning validation rules: &quot; . print_r($rules, true));
            }
        }
        return $rules;
    }

    /**
     * Get indices defined for a table class.
     *
     * @param string $className The name of the class to lookup indices for.
     * @return array An array of indices and their details for the specified class.
     */
    public function getIndexMeta($className) {
        $indices= array();
        if ($className= $this-&gt;loadClass($className)) {
            if ($ancestry= $this-&gt;getAncestry($className)) {
                for ($i= count($ancestry) -1; $i &gt;= 0; $i--) {
                    if (isset($this-&gt;map[$ancestry[$i]]['indexes'])) {
                        $indices= array_merge($indices, $this-&gt;map[$ancestry[$i]]['indexes']);
                    }
                }
                if ($this-&gt;getInherit($className) === 'single') {
                    $descendants= $this-&gt;getDescendants($className);
                    if ($descendants) {
                        foreach ($descendants as $descendant) {
                            $descendantClass= $this-&gt;loadClass($descendant);
                            if ($descendantClass &amp;&amp; isset($this-&gt;map[$descendantClass]['indexes'])) {
                                $indices= array_merge($indices, array_diff_key($this-&gt;map[$descendantClass]['indexes'], $indices));
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                if ($this-&gt;getDebug() === true) {
                    $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG, &quot;Returning indices: &quot; . print_r($indices, true));
                }
            }
        }
        return $indices;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the primary key field(s) for a class.
     *
     * @param string $className The name of the class to lookup the primary key
     * for.
     * @return mixed The name of the field representing a class instance primary
     * key, an array of key names for compound primary keys, or null if no
     * primary key is found or defined for the class.
     */
    public function getPK($className) {
        $pk= null;
        if (strcasecmp($className, 'xPDOObject') !== 0) {
            if ($actualClassName= $this-&gt;loadClass($className)) {
                if (isset ($this-&gt;map[$actualClassName]['indexes'])) {
                    foreach ($this-&gt;map[$actualClassName]['indexes'] as $k =&gt; $v) {
                        if (isset ($this-&gt;map[$actualClassName]['fieldMeta'][$k]['phptype'])) {
                            if (isset ($v['primary']) &amp;&amp; $v['primary'] == true) {
                                $pk[$k]= $k;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                if (isset ($this-&gt;map[$actualClassName]['fieldMeta'])) {
                    foreach ($this-&gt;map[$actualClassName]['fieldMeta'] as $k =&gt; $v) {
                        if (isset ($v['index']) &amp;&amp; isset ($v['phptype']) &amp;&amp; $v['index'] == 'pk') {
                            $pk[$k]= $k;
                        }
                    }
                }
                if ($ancestry= $this-&gt;getAncestry($actualClassName)) {
                    foreach ($ancestry as $ancestor) {
                        if ($ancestorClassName= $this-&gt;loadClass($ancestor)) {
                            if (isset ($this-&gt;map[$ancestorClassName]['indexes'])) {
                                foreach ($this-&gt;map[$ancestorClassName]['indexes'] as $k =&gt; $v) {
                                    if (isset ($this-&gt;map[$ancestorClassName]['fieldMeta'][$k]['phptype'])) {
                                        if (isset ($v['primary']) &amp;&amp; $v['primary'] == true) {
                                            $pk[$k]= $k;
                                        }
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                            if (isset ($this-&gt;map[$ancestorClassName]['fieldMeta'])) {
                                foreach ($this-&gt;map[$ancestorClassName]['fieldMeta'] as $k =&gt; $v) {
                                    if (isset ($v['index']) &amp;&amp; isset ($v['phptype']) &amp;&amp; $v['index'] == 'pk') {
                                        $pk[$k]= $k;
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                if ($pk &amp;&amp; count($pk) === 1) {
                    $pk= current($pk);
                }
            } else {
                $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, &quot;Could not load class {$className}&quot;);
            }
        }
        return $pk;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the type of primary key field for a class.
     *
     * @param string $className The name of the class to lookup the primary key
     * type for.
     * @param mixed $pk Optional specific PK column or columns to get type(s) for.
     * @return string The type of the field representing a class instance primary
     * key, or null if no primary key is found or defined for the class.
     */
    public function getPKType($className, $pk= false) {
        $pktype= null;
        if ($actualClassName= $this-&gt;loadClass($className)) {
            if (!$pk)
                $pk= $this-&gt;getPK($actualClassName);
            if (!is_array($pk))
                $pk= array($pk);
            $ancestry= $this-&gt;getAncestry($actualClassName, true);
            foreach ($pk as $_pk) {
                foreach ($ancestry as $parentClass) {
                    if (isset ($this-&gt;map[$parentClass]['fieldMeta'][$_pk]['phptype'])) {
                        $pktype[$_pk]= $this-&gt;map[$parentClass]['fieldMeta'][$_pk]['phptype'];
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
            if (is_array($pktype) &amp;&amp; count($pktype) == 1) {
                $pktype= reset($pktype);
            }
            elseif (empty($pktype)) {
                $pktype= null;
            }
        } else {
            $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, &quot;Could not load class {$className}!&quot;);
        }
        return $pktype;
    }

    /**
     * Gets a collection of aggregate foreign key relationship definitions.
     *
     * @param string $className The fully-qualified name of the class.
     * @return array An array of aggregate foreign key relationship definitions.
     */
    public function getAggregates($className) {
        $aggregates= array ();
        if ($className= $this-&gt;loadClass($className)) {
            if ($ancestry= $this-&gt;getAncestry($className)) {
                for ($i= count($ancestry) - 1; $i &gt;= 0; $i--) {
                    if (isset ($this-&gt;map[$ancestry[$i]]['aggregates'])) {
                        $aggregates= array_merge($aggregates, $this-&gt;map[$ancestry[$i]]['aggregates']);
                    }
                }
            }
            if ($this-&gt;getInherit($className) === 'single') {
                $descendants= $this-&gt;getDescendants($className);
                if ($descendants) {
                    foreach ($descendants as $descendant) {
                        $descendantClass= $this-&gt;loadClass($descendant);
                        if ($descendantClass &amp;&amp; isset($this-&gt;map[$descendantClass]['aggregates'])) {
                            $aggregates= array_merge($aggregates, array_diff_key($this-&gt;map[$descendantClass]['aggregates'], $aggregates));
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return $aggregates;
    }

    /**
     * Gets a collection of composite foreign key relationship definitions.
     *
     * @param string $className The fully-qualified name of the class.
     * @return array An array of composite foreign key relationship definitions.
     */
    public function getComposites($className) {
        $composites= array ();
        if ($className= $this-&gt;loadClass($className)) {
            if ($ancestry= $this-&gt;getAncestry($className)) {
                for ($i= count($ancestry) - 1; $i &gt;= 0; $i--) {
                    if (isset ($this-&gt;map[$ancestry[$i]]['composites'])) {
                        $composites= array_merge($composites, $this-&gt;map[$ancestry[$i]]['composites']);
                    }
                }
            }
            if ($this-&gt;getInherit($className) === 'single') {
                $descendants= $this-&gt;getDescendants($className);
                if ($descendants) {
                    foreach ($descendants as $descendant) {
                        $descendantClass= $this-&gt;loadClass($descendant);
                        if ($descendantClass &amp;&amp; isset($this-&gt;map[$descendantClass]['composites'])) {
                            $composites= array_merge($composites, array_diff_key($this-&gt;map[$descendantClass]['composites'], $composites));
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return $composites;
    }

    /**
     * Get a complete relation graph for an xPDOObject class.
     *
     * @param string $className A fully-qualified xPDOObject class name.
     * @param int $depth The depth to retrieve relations for the graph, defaults to 3.
     * @param array &amp;$parents An array of parent classes to avoid traversing circular dependencies.
     * @param array &amp;$visited An array of already visited classes to avoid traversing circular dependencies.
     * @return array An xPDOObject relation graph, or an empty array if no graph can be constructed.
     */
    public function getGraph($className, $depth= 3, &amp;$parents = array(), &amp;$visited = array()) {
        $graph = array();
        $className = $this-&gt;loadClass($className);
        if ($className &amp;&amp; $depth &gt; 0) {
            $depth--;
            $parents = array_merge($parents, $this-&gt;getAncestry($className));
            $parentsNested = array_unique($parents);
            $visitNested = array_merge($visited, array($className));
            $relations = array_merge($this-&gt;getAggregates($className), $this-&gt;getComposites($className));
            foreach ($relations as $alias =&gt; $relation) {
                if (in_array($relation['class'], $visited)) {
                    continue;
                }
                $childGraph = array();
                if ($depth &gt; 0 &amp;&amp; !in_array($relation['class'], $parents)) {
                    $childGraph = $this-&gt;getGraph($relation['class'], $depth, $parentsNested, $visitNested);
                }
                $graph[$alias] = $childGraph;
            }
            $visited[] = $className;
        }
        return $graph;
    }

    /**
     * Retrieves the complete ancestry for a class.
     *
     * @param string $className The name of the class.
     * @param bool $includeSelf Determines if the specified class should be
     * included in the resulting array.
     * @return array An array of string class names representing the class
     * hierarchy, or an empty array if unsuccessful.
     */
    public function getAncestry($className, $includeSelf= true) {
        $ancestry= array ();
        if ($actualClassName= $this-&gt;loadClass($className)) {
            $ancestor= $actualClassName;
            if ($includeSelf) {
                $ancestry[]= $actualClassName;
            }
            while ($ancestor= get_parent_class($ancestor)) {
                $ancestry[]= $ancestor;
            }
            if ($this-&gt;getDebug() === true) {
                $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG, &quot;Returning ancestry for {$className}: &quot; . print_r($ancestry, 1));
            }
        }
        return $ancestry;
    }

    /**
     * Gets select columns from a specific class for building a query.
     *
     * @uses xPDOObject::getSelectColumns()
     * @param string $className The name of the class to build the column list
     * from.
     * @param string $tableAlias An optional alias for the class table, to be
     * used in complex queries with multiple tables.
     * @param string $columnPrefix An optional string with which to prefix the
     * columns returned, to avoid name collisions in return columns.
     * @param array $columns An optional array of columns to include.
     * @param boolean $exclude If true, will exclude columns in the previous
     * parameter, instead of including them.
     * @return string A valid SQL string of column names for a SELECT statement.
     */
    public function getSelectColumns($className, $tableAlias= '', $columnPrefix= '', $columns= array (), $exclude= false) {
        return $this-&gt;call($className, 'getSelectColumns', array(&amp;$this, $className, $tableAlias, $columnPrefix, $columns, $exclude));
    }

    /**
     * Gets an aggregate or composite relation definition from a class.
     *
     * @param string $parentClass The class from which the relation is defined.
     * @param string $alias The alias identifying the related class.
     * @return array The aggregate or composite definition details in an array
     * or null if no definition is found.
     */
    function getFKDefinition($parentClass, $alias) {
        $def= null;
        $parentClass= $this-&gt;loadClass($parentClass);
        if ($parentClass &amp;&amp; $alias) {
            if ($aggregates= $this-&gt;getAggregates($parentClass)) {
                if (isset ($aggregates[$alias])) {
                    $def= $aggregates[$alias];
                    $def['type']= 'aggregate';
                }
            }
            if ($composites= $this-&gt;getComposites($parentClass)) {
                if (isset ($composites[$alias])) {
                    $def= $composites[$alias];
                    $def['type']= 'composite';
                }
            }
        }
        if ($def === null) {
            $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, 'No foreign key definition for parentClass: ' . $parentClass . ' using relation alias: ' . $alias);
        }
        return $def;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the version string of the schema the specified class was generated from.
     *
     * @param string $className The name of the class to get the model version from.
     * @return string The version string for the schema model the class was generated from.
     */
    public function getModelVersion($className) {
        $version = '1.0';
        $className= $this-&gt;loadClass($className);
        if ($className &amp;&amp; isset($this-&gt;map[$className]['version'])) {
            $version= $this-&gt;map[$className]['version'];
        }
        return $version;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the manager class for this xPDO connection.
     *
     * The manager class can perform operations such as creating or altering
     * table structures, creating data containers, generating custom persistence
     * classes, and other advanced operations that do not need to be loaded
     * frequently.
     *
     * @return xPDOManager|null An xPDOManager instance for the xPDO connection, or null
     * if a manager class can not be instantiated.
     */
    public function getManager() {
        if ($this-&gt;manager === null || !$this-&gt;manager instanceof xPDOManager) {
            $loaded= include_once(XPDO_CORE_PATH . 'om/' . $this-&gt;config['dbtype'] . '/xpdomanager.class.php');
            if ($loaded) {
                $managerClass = 'xPDOManager_' . $this-&gt;config['dbtype'];
                $this-&gt;manager= new $managerClass ($this);
            }
            if (!$this-&gt;manager) {
                $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, &quot;Could not load xPDOManager class.&quot;);
            }
        }
        return $this-&gt;manager;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the driver class for this xPDO connection.
     *
     * The driver class provides baseline data and operations for a specific database driver.
     *
     * @return xPDODriver|null An xPDODriver instance for the xPDO connection, or null
     * if a driver class can not be instantiated.
     */
    public function getDriver() {
        if ($this-&gt;driver === null || !$this-&gt;driver instanceof xPDODriver) {
            $loaded= include_once(XPDO_CORE_PATH . 'om/' . $this-&gt;config['dbtype'] . '/xpdodriver.class.php');
            if ($loaded) {
                $driverClass = 'xPDODriver_' . $this-&gt;config['dbtype'];
                $this-&gt;driver= new $driverClass ($this);
            }
            if (!$this-&gt;driver) {
                $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, &quot;Could not load xPDODriver class for the {$this-&gt;config['dbtype']} PDO driver. &quot; . print_r($this-&gt;config, true));
            }
        }
        return $this-&gt;driver;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the absolute path to the cache directory.
     *
     * @return string The full cache directory path.
     */
    public function getCachePath() {
        if (!$this-&gt;cachePath) {
            if ($this-&gt;getCacheManager()) {
                $this-&gt;cachePath= $this-&gt;cacheManager-&gt;getCachePath();
            }
        }
        return $this-&gt;cachePath;
    }

    /**
     * Gets an xPDOCacheManager instance.
     *
     * This class is responsible for handling all types of caching operations for the xPDO core.
     *
     * @param string $class Optional name of a derivative xPDOCacheManager class.
     * @param array $options An array of options for the cache manager instance; valid options include:
     *  - path = Optional root path for looking up the $class.
     *  - ignorePkg = If false and you do not specify a path, you can look up custom xPDOCacheManager
     *      derivatives in declared packages.
     * @return xPDOCacheManager The xPDOCacheManager for this xPDO instance.
     */
    public function getCacheManager($class= 'cache.xPDOCacheManager', $options = array('path' =&gt; XPDO_CORE_PATH, 'ignorePkg' =&gt; true)) {
        $actualClass = $this-&gt;loadClass($class, $options['path'], $options['ignorePkg'], true);
        if ($this-&gt;cacheManager === null || !is_object($this-&gt;cacheManager) || !($this-&gt;cacheManager instanceof $actualClass)) {
            if ($this-&gt;cacheManager= new $actualClass($this, $options)) {
                    $this-&gt;_cacheEnabled= true;
            }
        }
        return $this-&gt;cacheManager;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the debug state for the xPDO instance.
     *
     * @return boolean The current debug state for the instance, true for on,
     * false for off.
     */
    public function getDebug() {
        return $this-&gt;_debug;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the debug state for the xPDO instance.
     *
     * @param boolean|integer $v The debug status, true for on, false for off, or a valid
     * error_reporting level for PHP.
     */
    public function setDebug($v= true) {
        $this-&gt;_debug= $v;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the logging level state for the xPDO instance.
     *
     * @param integer $level The logging level to switch to.
     * @return integer The previous log level.
     */
    public function setLogLevel($level= xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_FATAL) {
        $oldLevel = $this-&gt;logLevel;
        $this-&gt;logLevel= intval($level);
        return $oldLevel;
    }

    /**
     * @return integer The current log level.
     */
    public function getLogLevel() {
        return $this-&gt;logLevel;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the log target for xPDO::_log() calls.
     *
     * Valid target values include:
     * &lt;ul&gt;
     * &lt;li&gt;'ECHO': Returns output to the STDOUT.&lt;/li&gt;
     * &lt;li&gt;'HTML': Returns output to the STDOUT with HTML formatting.&lt;/li&gt;
     * &lt;li&gt;'FILE': Sends output to a log file.&lt;/li&gt;
     * &lt;li&gt;An array with at least one element with key 'target' matching
     * one of the valid log targets listed above. For 'target' =&gt; 'FILE'
     * you can specify a second element with key 'options' with another
     * associative array with one or both of the elements 'filename' and
     * 'filepath'&lt;/li&gt;
     * &lt;/ul&gt;
     *
     * @param string $target An identifier indicating the target of the logging.
     * @return mixed The previous log target.
     */
    public function setLogTarget($target= 'ECHO') {
        $oldTarget = $this-&gt;logTarget;
        $this-&gt;logTarget= $target;
        return $oldTarget;
    }

    /**
     * @return integer The current log level.
     */
    public function getLogTarget() {
        return $this-&gt;logTarget;
    }

    /**
     * Log a message with details about where and when an event occurs.
     *
     * @param integer $level The level of the logged message.
     * @param string $msg The message to log.
     * @param string $target The logging target.
     * @param string $def The name of a defining structure (such as a class) to
     * help identify the message source.
     * @param string $file A filename in which the log event occured.
     * @param string $line A line number to help locate the source of the event
     * within the indicated file.
     */
    public function log($level, $msg, $target= '', $def= '', $file= '', $line= '') {
        $this-&gt;_log($level, $msg, $target, $def, $file, $line);
    }

    /**
     * Log a message as appropriate for the level and target.
     *
     * @param integer $level The level of the logged message.
     * @param string $msg The message to log.
     * @param string $target The logging target.
     * @param string $def The name of a defining structure (such as a class) to
     * help identify the log event source.
     * @param string $file A filename in which the log event occured.
     * @param string $line A line number to help locate the source of the event
     * within the indicated file.
     */
    protected function _log($level, $msg, $target= '', $def= '', $file= '', $line= '') {
        if (empty ($target)) {
            $target = $this-&gt;logTarget;
        }
        $targetOptions = array();
        if (is_array($target)) {
            if (isset($target['options'])) $targetOptions =&amp; $target['options'];
            $target = isset($target['target']) ? $target['target'] : 'ECHO';
        }
        if (empty($file) &amp;&amp; isset($_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'])) {
            $file= $_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'];
        }
        if ($level === xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_FATAL) {
            while (ob_get_level() &amp;&amp; @ob_end_flush()) {}
            exit ('[' . strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S') . '] (' . $this-&gt;_getLogLevel($level) . $def . $file . $line . ') ' . $msg . &quot;\n&quot; . ($this-&gt;getDebug() === true ? '&lt;pre&gt;' . &quot;\n&quot; . print_r(debug_backtrace(), true) . &quot;\n&quot; . '&lt;/pre&gt;' : ''));
        }
        if ($this-&gt;_debug === true || $level &lt;= $this-&gt;logLevel) {
            @ob_start();
            if (!empty ($def)) {
                $def= &quot; in {$def}&quot;;
            }
            if (!empty ($file)) {
                $file= &quot; @ {$file}&quot;;
            }
            if (!empty ($line)) {
                $line= &quot; : {$line}&quot;;
            }
            switch ($target) {
                case 'HTML' :
                    echo '&lt;h5&gt;[' . strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S') . '] (' . $this-&gt;_getLogLevel($level) . $def . $file . $line . ')&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;pre&gt;' . $msg . '&lt;/pre&gt;' . &quot;\n&quot;;
                    break;
                default :
                    echo '[' . strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S') . '] (' . $this-&gt;_getLogLevel($level) . $def . $file . $line . ') ' . $msg . &quot;\n&quot;;
            }
            $content= @ob_get_contents();
            @ob_end_clean();
            if ($target=='FILE' &amp;&amp; $this-&gt;getCacheManager()) {
                $filename = isset($targetOptions['filename']) ? $targetOptions['filename'] : 'error.log';
                $filepath = isset($targetOptions['filepath']) ? $targetOptions['filepath'] : $this-&gt;getCachePath() . xPDOCacheManager::LOG_DIR;
                $this-&gt;cacheManager-&gt;writeFile($filepath . $filename, $content, 'a');
            } elseif ($target=='ARRAY' &amp;&amp; isset($targetOptions['var']) &amp;&amp; is_array($targetOptions['var'])) {
                $targetOptions['var'][] = $content;
            } else {
                echo $content;
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns an abbreviated backtrace of debugging information.
     *
     * This function returns just the fields returned via xPDOObject::toArray()
     * on xPDOObject instances, and simply the classname for other objects, to
     * reduce the amount of unnecessary information returned.
     *
     * @return array The abbreviated backtrace.
     */
    public function getDebugBacktrace() {
        $backtrace= array ();
        foreach (debug_backtrace() as $levelKey =&gt; $levelElement) {
            foreach ($levelElement as $traceKey =&gt; $traceElement) {
                if ($traceKey == 'object' &amp;&amp; $traceElement instanceof xPDOObject) {
                    $backtrace[$levelKey][$traceKey]= $traceElement-&gt;toArray('', true);
                } elseif ($traceKey == 'object') {
                    $backtrace[$levelKey][$traceKey]= get_class($traceElement);
                } else {
                    $backtrace[$levelKey][$traceKey]= $traceElement;
                }
            }
        }
        return $backtrace;
    }

    /**
     * Gets a logging level as a string representation.
     *
     * @param integer $level The logging level to retrieve a string for.
     * @return string The string representation of a valid logging level.
     */
    protected function _getLogLevel($level) {
        switch ($level) {
            case xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG :
                $levelText= 'DEBUG';
                break;
            case xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_INFO :
                $levelText= 'INFO';
                break;
            case xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_WARN :
                $levelText= 'WARN';
                break;
            case xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_ERROR :
                $levelText= 'ERROR';
                break;
            default :
                $levelText= 'FATAL';
        }
        return $levelText;
    }

    /**
     * Escapes the provided string using the platform-specific escape character.
     *
     * Different database engines escape string literals in SQL using different characters. For example, this is used to
     * escape column names that might match a reserved string for that SQL interpreter. To write database agnostic
     * queries with xPDO, it is highly recommend to escape any database or column names in any native SQL strings used.
     *
     * @param string $string A string to escape using the platform-specific escape characters.
     * @return string The string escaped with the platform-specific escape characters.
     */
    public function escape($string) {
        $string = trim($string, $this-&gt;_escapeCharOpen . $this-&gt;_escapeCharClose);
        return $this-&gt;_escapeCharOpen . $string . $this-&gt;_escapeCharClose;
    }

    /**
     * Use to insert a literal string into a SQL query without escaping or quoting.
     *
     * @param string $string A string to return as a literal, unescaped and unquoted.
     * @return string The string with any escape or quote characters trimmed.
     */
    public function literal($string) {
        $string = trim($string, $this-&gt;_escapeCharOpen . $this-&gt;_escapeCharClose . $this-&gt;_quoteChar);
        return $string;
    }

    /**
     * Adds the table prefix, and optionally database name, to a given table.
     *
     * @param string $baseTableName The table name as specified in the object
     * model.
     * @param boolean $includeDb Qualify the table name with the database name.
     * @return string The fully-qualified and quoted table name for the
     */
    private function _getFullTableName($baseTableName, $includeDb= false) {
        $fqn= '';
        if (!empty ($baseTableName)) {
            if ($includeDb) {
                $fqn .= $this-&gt;escape($this-&gt;config['dbname']) . '.';
            }
            $fqn .= $this-&gt;escape($baseTableName);
        }
        return $fqn;
    }

    /**
     * Parses a DSN and returns an array of the connection details.
     *
     * @static
     * @param string $string The DSN to parse.
     * @return array An array of connection details from the DSN.
     * @todo Have this method handle all methods of DSN specification as handled
     * by latest native PDO implementation.
     */
    public static function parseDSN($string) {
        $result= array ();
        $pos= strpos($string, ':');
        $result['dbtype']= strtolower(substr($string, 0, $pos));
        $parameters= explode(';', substr($string, ($pos +1)));
        for ($a= 0, $b= count($parameters); $a &lt; $b; $a++) {
            $tmp= explode('=', $parameters[$a]);
            if (count($tmp) == 2) {
                $result[strtolower(trim($tmp[0]))]= trim($tmp[1]);
            } else {
                $result['dbname']= trim($parameters[$a]);
            }
        }
        if (!isset($result['dbname']) &amp;&amp; isset($result['database'])) {
            $result['dbname'] = $result['database'];
        }
        if (!isset($result['host']) &amp;&amp; isset($result['server'])) {
            $result['host'] = $result['server'];
        }
        return $result;
    }

    /**
     * Retrieves a result array from the object cache.
     *
     * @param string|xPDOCriteria $signature A unique string or xPDOCriteria object
     * that represents the query identifying the result set.
     * @param string $class An optional classname the result represents.
     * @param array $options Various cache options.
     * @return array|string|null A PHP array or JSON object representing the
     * result set, or null if no cache representation is found.
     */
    public function fromCache($signature, $class= '', $options= array()) {
        $result= null;
        if ($this-&gt;getOption(xPDO::OPT_CACHE_DB, $options)) {
            if ($signature &amp;&amp; $this-&gt;getCacheManager()) {
                $sig= '';
                $sigKey= array();
                $sigHash= '';
                $sigClass= empty($class) || !is_string($class) ? '' : $class;
                if (is_object($signature)) {
                    if ($signature instanceof xPDOCriteria) {
                        if ($signature instanceof xPDOQuery) {
                            $signature-&gt;construct();
                            if (empty($sigClass)) $sigClass= $signature-&gt;getTableClass();
                        }
                        $sigKey= array ($signature-&gt;sql, $signature-&gt;bindings);
                    }
                }
                elseif (is_string($signature)) {
                    if ($exploded= explode('_', $signature)) {
                        $class= reset($exploded);
                        if (empty($sigClass) || $sigClass !== $class) {
                            $sigClass= $class;
                        }
                        if (empty($sigKey)) {
                            while ($key= next($exploded)) {
                                $sigKey[]= $key;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                if (empty($sigClass)) $sigClass= '__sqlResult';
                if ($sigClass &amp;&amp; $sigKey) {
                    $sigHash= md5($this-&gt;toJSON($sigKey));
                    $sig= implode('/', array ($sigClass, $sigHash));
                }
                if (is_string($sig) &amp;&amp; !empty($sig)) {
                    $result= $this-&gt;cacheManager-&gt;get($sig, array(
                        xPDO::OPT_CACHE_KEY =&gt; $this-&gt;getOption('cache_db_key', $options, 'db'),
                        xPDO::OPT_CACHE_HANDLER =&gt; $this-&gt;getOption(xPDO::OPT_CACHE_DB_HANDLER, $options, $this-&gt;getOption(xPDO::OPT_CACHE_HANDLER, $options, 'cache.xPDOFileCache')),
                        xPDO::OPT_CACHE_FORMAT =&gt; (integer) $this-&gt;getOption('cache_db_format', null, $this-&gt;getOption(xPDO::OPT_CACHE_FORMAT, null, xPDOCacheManager::CACHE_PHP)),
                        'cache_prefix' =&gt; $this-&gt;getOption('cache_db_prefix', $options, xPDOCacheManager::CACHE_DIR),
                    ));
                    if ($this-&gt;getDebug() === true) {
                        if (!$result) {
                            $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG, 'No cache item found for class ' . $sigClass . ' with signature ' . xPDOCacheManager::CACHE_DIR . $sig);
                        } else {
                            $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG, 'Loaded cache item for class ' . $sigClass . ' with signature ' . xPDOCacheManager::CACHE_DIR . $sig);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return $result;
    }

    /**
     * Places a result set in the object cache.
     *
     * @param string|xPDOCriteria $signature A unique string or xPDOCriteria object
     * representing the object.
     * @param object $object An object to place a representation of in the cache.
     * @param integer $lifetime An optional number of seconds the cached result
     * will remain valid, with 0 meaning it will remain valid until replaced or
     * removed.
     * @param array $options Various cache options.
     * @return boolean Indicates if the object was successfully cached.
     */
    public function toCache($signature, $object, $lifetime= 0, $options = array()) {
        $result= false;
        if ($this-&gt;getCacheManager()) {
            if ($this-&gt;getOption(xPDO::OPT_CACHE_DB, $options)) {
                if ($lifetime === true) {
                    $lifetime = 0;
                }
                elseif (!$lifetime &amp;&amp; $this-&gt;getOption(xPDO::OPT_CACHE_DB_EXPIRES, $options, 0)) {
                    $lifetime= intval($this-&gt;getOption(xPDO::OPT_CACHE_DB_EXPIRES, $options, 0));
                }
                $sigKey= array();
                $sigClass= '';
                $sigGraph= $this-&gt;getOption(xPDO::OPT_CACHE_DB_SIG_GRAPH, $options, array());
                if (is_object($signature)) {
                    if ($signature instanceof xPDOCriteria) {
                        if ($signature instanceof xPDOQuery) {
                            $signature-&gt;construct();
                            if (empty($sigClass)) $sigClass = $signature-&gt;getTableClass();
                        }
                        $sigKey= array($signature-&gt;sql, $signature-&gt;bindings);
                    }
                }
                elseif (is_string($signature)) {
                    $exploded= explode('_', $signature);
                    if ($exploded &amp;&amp; count($exploded) &gt;= 2) {
                        $class= reset($exploded);
                        if (empty($sigClass) || $sigClass !== $class) {
                            $sigClass= $class;
                        }
                        if (empty($sigKey)) {
                            while ($key= next($exploded)) {
                                $sigKey[]= $key;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                if (empty($sigClass)) {
                    if ($object instanceof xPDOObject) {
                        $sigClass= $object-&gt;_class;
                    } else {
                        $sigClass= $this-&gt;getOption(xPDO::OPT_CACHE_DB_SIG_CLASS, $options, '__sqlResult');
                    }
                }
                if (empty($sigKey) &amp;&amp; is_string($signature)) $sigKey= $signature;
                if (empty($sigKey) &amp;&amp; $object instanceof xPDOObject) $sigKey= $object-&gt;getPrimaryKey();
                if ($sigClass &amp;&amp; $sigKey) {
                    $sigHash= md5($this-&gt;toJSON(is_array($sigKey) ? $sigKey : array($sigKey)));
                    $sig= implode('/', array ($sigClass, $sigHash));
                    if (is_string($sig)) {
                        if ($this-&gt;getOption('modified', $options, false)) {
                            if (empty($sigGraph) &amp;&amp; $object instanceof xPDOObject) {
                                $sigGraph = array_merge(array($object-&gt;_class =&gt; array('class' =&gt; $object-&gt;_class)), $object-&gt;_aggregates, $object-&gt;_composites);
                            }
                            if (!empty($sigGraph)) {
                                foreach ($sigGraph as $gAlias =&gt; $gMeta) {
                                    $gClass = $gMeta['class'];
                                    $removed= $this-&gt;cacheManager-&gt;delete($gClass, array_merge($options, array(
                                        xPDO::OPT_CACHE_KEY =&gt; $this-&gt;getOption('cache_db_key', $options, 'db'),
                                        xPDO::OPT_CACHE_HANDLER =&gt; $this-&gt;getOption(xPDO::OPT_CACHE_DB_HANDLER, $options, $this-&gt;getOption(xPDO::OPT_CACHE_HANDLER, $options, 'cache.xPDOFileCache')),
                                        xPDO::OPT_CACHE_FORMAT =&gt; (integer) $this-&gt;getOption('cache_db_format', $options, $this-&gt;getOption(xPDO::OPT_CACHE_FORMAT, $options, xPDOCacheManager::CACHE_PHP)),
                                        xPDO::OPT_CACHE_EXPIRES =&gt; (integer) $this-&gt;getOption(xPDO::OPT_CACHE_DB_EXPIRES, null, $this-&gt;getOption(xPDO::OPT_CACHE_EXPIRES, null, 0)),
                                        xPDO::OPT_CACHE_PREFIX =&gt; $this-&gt;getOption('cache_db_prefix', $options, xPDOCacheManager::CACHE_DIR),
                                        'multiple_object_delete' =&gt; true
                                    )));
                                    if ($this-&gt;getDebug() === true) {
                                        $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG, &quot;Removing all cache objects of class {$gClass}: &quot; . ($removed ? 'successful' : 'failed'));
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        $cacheOptions = array_merge($options, array(
                            xPDO::OPT_CACHE_KEY =&gt; $this-&gt;getOption('cache_db_key', $options, 'db'),
                            xPDO::OPT_CACHE_HANDLER =&gt; $this-&gt;getOption(xPDO::OPT_CACHE_DB_HANDLER, $options, $this-&gt;getOption(xPDO::OPT_CACHE_HANDLER, $options, 'cache.xPDOFileCache')),
                            xPDO::OPT_CACHE_FORMAT =&gt; (integer) $this-&gt;getOption('cache_db_format', $options, $this-&gt;getOption(xPDO::OPT_CACHE_FORMAT, $options, xPDOCacheManager::CACHE_PHP)),
                            xPDO::OPT_CACHE_EXPIRES =&gt; (integer) $this-&gt;getOption(xPDO::OPT_CACHE_DB_EXPIRES, null, $this-&gt;getOption(xPDO::OPT_CACHE_EXPIRES, null, 0)),
                            xPDO::OPT_CACHE_PREFIX =&gt; $this-&gt;getOption('cache_db_prefix', $options, xPDOCacheManager::CACHE_DIR)
                        ));
                        $result= $this-&gt;cacheManager-&gt;set($sig, $object, $lifetime, $cacheOptions);
                        if ($result &amp;&amp; $object instanceof xPDOObject) {
                            if ($this-&gt;getDebug() === true) {
                                $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG, &quot;xPDO-&gt;toCache() successfully cached object with signature &quot; . xPDOCacheManager::CACHE_DIR . $sig);
                            }
                        }
                        if (!$result) {
                            $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_WARN, &quot;xPDO-&gt;toCache() could not cache object with signature &quot; . xPDOCacheManager::CACHE_DIR . $sig);
                        }
                    }
                } else {
                    $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, &quot;Object sent toCache() has an invalid signature.&quot;);
                }
            }
        } else {
            $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, &quot;Attempt to send a non-object to toCache().&quot;);
        }
        return $result;
    }

    /**
     * Converts a PHP array into a JSON encoded string.
     *
     * @param array $array The PHP array to convert.
     * @return string The JSON representation of the source array.
     */
    public function toJSON($array) {
        $encoded= '';
        if (is_array ($array)) {
            if (!function_exists('json_encode')) {
                if (@ include_once (XPDO_CORE_PATH . 'json/JSON.php')) {
                    $json = new Services_JSON();
                    $encoded= $json-&gt;encode($array);
                }
            } else {
                $encoded= json_encode($array);
            }
        }
        return $encoded;
    }

    /**
     * Converts a JSON source string into an equivalent PHP representation.
     *
     * @param string $src A JSON source string.
     * @param boolean $asArray Indicates if the result should treat objects as
     * associative arrays; since all JSON associative arrays are objects, the default
     * is true.  Set to false to have JSON objects returned as PHP objects.
     * @return mixed The PHP representation of the JSON source.
     */
    public function fromJSON($src, $asArray= true) {
        $decoded= '';
        if ($src) {
            if (!function_exists('json_decode')) {
                if (@ include_once (XPDO_CORE_PATH . 'json/JSON.php')) {
                    if ($asArray) {
                        $json = new Services_JSON(SERVICES_JSON_LOOSE_TYPE);
                    } else {
                    $json = new Services_JSON();
                    }
                    $decoded= $json-&gt;decode($src);
                    }
            } else {
                $decoded= json_decode($src, $asArray);
            }
        }
        return $decoded;
    }

    /**
     * @see http://php.net/manual/en/function.pdo-begintransaction.php
     */
    public function beginTransaction() {
        if (!$this-&gt;connect(null, array(xPDO::OPT_CONN_MUTABLE =&gt; true))) {
            return false;
        }
        return $this-&gt;pdo-&gt;beginTransaction();
    }

    /**
     * @see http://php.net/manual/en/function.pdo-commit.php
     */
    public function commit() {
        if (!$this-&gt;connect(null, array(xPDO::OPT_CONN_MUTABLE =&gt; true))) {
            return false;
        }
        return $this-&gt;pdo-&gt;commit();
    }

    /**
     * @see http://php.net/manual/en/function.pdo-exec.php
     */
    public function exec($query) {
        if (!$this-&gt;connect(null, array(xPDO::OPT_CONN_MUTABLE =&gt; true))) {
            return false;
        }
        $tstart= microtime(true);
        $return= $this-&gt;pdo-&gt;exec($query);
        $this-&gt;queryTime += microtime(true) - $tstart;
        $this-&gt;executedQueries++;
        return $return;
    }

    /**
     * @see http://php.net/manual/en/function.pdo-errorcode.php
     */
    public function errorCode() {
        if (!$this-&gt;connect()) {
            return false;
        }
        return $this-&gt;pdo-&gt;errorCode();
    }

    /**
     * @see http://php.net/manual/en/function.pdo-errorinfo.php
     */
    public function errorInfo() {
        if (!$this-&gt;connect()) {
            return false;
        }
        return $this-&gt;pdo-&gt;errorInfo();
    }

    /**
     * @see http://php.net/manual/en/function.pdo-getattribute.php
     */
    public function getAttribute($attribute) {
        if (!$this-&gt;connect()) {
            return false;
        }
        return $this-&gt;pdo-&gt;getAttribute($attribute);
    }

    /**
     * @see http://php.net/manual/en/function.pdo-lastinsertid.php
     */
    public function lastInsertId() {
        if (!$this-&gt;connect()) {
            return false;
        }
        return $this-&gt;pdo-&gt;lastInsertId();
    }

    /**
     * @see http://php.net/manual/en/function.pdo-prepare.php
     */
    public function prepare($statement, $driver_options= array ()) {
        if (!$this-&gt;connect()) {
            return false;
        }
        return $this-&gt;pdo-&gt;prepare($statement, $driver_options);
    }

    /**
     * @see http://php.net/manual/en/function.pdo-query.php
     */
    public function query($query) {
        if (!$this-&gt;connect()) {
            return false;
        }
        $tstart= microtime(true);
        $return= $this-&gt;pdo-&gt;query($query);
        $this-&gt;queryTime += microtime(true) - $tstart;
        $this-&gt;executedQueries++;
        return $return;
    }

    /**
     * @see http://php.net/manual/en/function.pdo-quote.php
     */
    public function quote($string, $parameter_type= PDO::PARAM_STR) {
        if (!$this-&gt;connect()) {
            return false;
        }
        $quoted = $this-&gt;pdo-&gt;quote($string, $parameter_type);
        switch ($parameter_type) {
            case PDO::PARAM_STR:
                $quoted = trim($quoted);
                break;
            case PDO::PARAM_INT:
                $quoted = trim($quoted);
                $quoted = (integer) trim($quoted, &quot;'&quot;);
                break;
            default:
                break;
        }
        return $quoted;
    }

    /**
     * @see http://php.net/manual/en/function.pdo-rollback.php
     */
    public function rollBack() {
        if (!$this-&gt;connect(null, array(xPDO::OPT_CONN_MUTABLE =&gt; true))) {
            return false;
        }
        return $this-&gt;pdo-&gt;rollBack();
    }

    /**
     * @see http://php.net/manual/en/function.pdo-setattribute.php
     */
    public function setAttribute($attribute, $value) {
        if (!$this-&gt;connect()) {
            return false;
        }
        return $this-&gt;pdo-&gt;setAttribute($attribute, $value);
    }

    /**
     * Creates an new xPDOQuery for a specified xPDOObject class.
     *
     * @param string $class The class to create the xPDOQuery for.
     * @param mixed $criteria Any valid xPDO criteria expression.
     * @param boolean|integer $cacheFlag Indicates if the result should be cached
     * and optionally for how many seconds (if passed an integer greater than 0).
     * @return xPDOQuery The resulting xPDOQuery instance or false if unsuccessful.
     */
    public function newQuery($class, $criteria= null, $cacheFlag= true) {
        $query= false;
        if ($this-&gt;loadClass($this-&gt;config['dbtype'] . '.xPDOQuery', '', false, true)) {
            $xpdoQueryClass= 'xPDOQuery_' . $this-&gt;config['dbtype'];
            if (!class_exists($xpdoQueryClass, false))
                include_once dirname(__FILE__) . '/om/' . $this-&gt;config['dbtype'] . '/xpdoquery.class.php';
            if ($query= new $xpdoQueryClass($this, $class, $criteria)) {
                $query-&gt;cacheFlag= $cacheFlag;
            }
        }
        return $query;
    }

    /**
     * Splits a string on a specified character, ignoring escaped content.
     *
     * @static
     * @param string $char A character to split the tag content on.
     * @param string $str The string to operate on.
     * @param string $escToken A character used to surround escaped content; all
     * content within a pair of these tokens will be ignored by the split
     * operation.
     * @param integer $limit Limit the number of results. Default is 0 which is
     * no limit. Note that setting the limit to 1 will only return the content
     * up to the first instance of the split character and will discard the
     * remainder of the string.
     * @return array An array of results from the split operation, or an empty
     * array.
     */
    public static function escSplit($char, $str, $escToken = '`', $limit = 0) {
        $split= array();
        $charPos = strpos($str, $char);
        if ($charPos !== false) {
            if ($charPos === 0) {
                $searchPos = 1;
                $startPos = 1;
            } else {
                $searchPos = 0;
                $startPos = 0;
            }
            $escOpen = false;
            $strlen = strlen($str);
            for ($i = $startPos; $i &lt;= $strlen; $i++) {
                if ($i == $strlen) {
                    $tmp= trim(substr($str, $searchPos));
                    if (!empty($tmp)) $split[]= $tmp;
                    break;
                }
                if ($str[$i] == $escToken) {
                    $escOpen = $escOpen == true ? false : true;
                    continue;
                }
                if (!$escOpen &amp;&amp; $str[$i] == $char) {
                    $tmp= trim(substr($str, $searchPos, $i - $searchPos));
                    if (!empty($tmp)) {
                        $split[]= $tmp;
                        if ($limit &gt; 0 &amp;&amp; count($split) &gt;= $limit) {
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                    $searchPos = $i + 1;
                }
            }
        } else {
            $split[]= trim($str);
        }
        return $split;
    }

    /**
     * Parses parameter bindings in SQL prepared statements.
     *
     * @param string $sql A SQL prepared statement to parse bindings in.
     * @param array $bindings An array of parameter bindings to use for the replacements.
     * @return string The SQL with the binding placeholders replaced.
     */
    public function parseBindings($sql, $bindings) {
        if (!empty($sql) &amp;&amp; !empty($bindings)) {
            reset($bindings);
            $bound = array();
            while (list ($k, $param)= each($bindings)) {
                if (!is_array($param)) {
                    $v= $param;
                    $type= $this-&gt;getPDOType($param);
                    $bindings[$k]= array(
                        'value' =&gt; $v,
                        'type' =&gt; $type
                    );
                } else {
                    $v= $param['value'];
                    $type= $param['type'];
                }
                if (!$v) {
                    switch ($type) {
                        case PDO::PARAM_INT:
                            $v= '0';
                            break;
                        case PDO::PARAM_BOOL:
                            $v= '0';
                            break;
                        default:
                            break;
                    }
                }
                if ($type &gt; 0) {
                    $v= $this-&gt;quote($v, $type);
                } else {
                    $v= 'NULL';
                }
                if (!is_int($k) || substr($k, 0, 1) === ':') {
                    $pattern= '/' . $k . '\b/';
                    $bound[$pattern] = str_replace(array('\\', '$'), array('\\\\', '\$'), $v);
                } else {
                    $pattern = '/(\?)(\b)?/';
                    $sql = preg_replace($pattern, ':' . $k . '$2', $sql, 1);
                    $bound['/:' . $k . '\b/'] = str_replace(array('\\', '$'), array('\\\\', '\$'), $v);
                }
            }
            $this-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_INFO, &quot;{$sql}\n&quot; . print_r($bound, true));
            if (!empty($bound)) {
                $sql= preg_replace(array_keys($bound), array_values($bound), $sql);
            }
        }
        return $sql;
    }

    /**
     * Get the appropriate PDO::PARAM_ type constant from a PHP value.
     *
     * @param mixed $value Any PHP scalar or null value
     * @return int|null
     */
    public function getPDOType($value) {
        $type= null;
        if (is_null($value)) $type= PDO::PARAM_NULL;
        elseif (is_scalar($value)) {
            if (is_int($value)) $type= PDO::PARAM_INT;
            else $type= PDO::PARAM_STR;
        }
        return $type;
    }
}

/**
 * Encapsulates a SQL query into a PDOStatement with a set of bindings.
 *
 * @package xpdo
 *
 */
class xPDOCriteria {
    public $sql= '';
    public $stmt= null;
    public $bindings= array ();
    public $cacheFlag= false;

    /**
     * The constructor for a new xPDOCriteria instance.
     *
     * The constructor optionally prepares provided SQL and/or parameter
     * bindings.  Setting the bindings via the constructor or with the {@link
     * xPDOCriteria::bind()} function allows you to make use of the data object
     * caching layer.
     *
     * The statement will not be prepared immediately if the cacheFlag value is
     * true or a positive integer, in order to allow the result to be found in
     * the cache before being queried from an actual database connection.
     *
     * @param xPDO &amp;$xpdo An xPDO instance that will control this criteria.
     * @param string $sql The SQL statement.
     * @param array $bindings Bindings to bind to the criteria.
     * @param boolean|integer $cacheFlag Indicates if the result set from the
     * criteria is to be cached (true|false) or optionally a TTL in seconds.
     * @return xPDOCriteria
     */
    public function __construct(&amp; $xpdo, $sql= '', $bindings= array (), $cacheFlag= false) {
        $this-&gt;xpdo= &amp; $xpdo;
        $this-&gt;cacheFlag= $cacheFlag;
        if (is_string($sql) &amp;&amp; !empty ($sql)) {
            $this-&gt;sql= $sql;
            if ($cacheFlag === false || $cacheFlag &lt; 0) {
            $this-&gt;stmt= $xpdo-&gt;prepare($sql);
            }
            if (!empty ($bindings)) {
                $this-&gt;bind($bindings, true, $cacheFlag);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Binds an array of key/value pairs to the xPDOCriteria prepared statement.
     *
     * Use this method to bind parameters in a way that makes it possible to
     * cache results of previous executions of the criteria or compare the
     * criteria to other individual or collections of criteria.
     *
     * @param array $bindings Bindings to merge with any existing bindings
     * defined for this xPDOCriteria instance.  Bindings can be simple
     * associative array of key-value pairs or the value for each key can
     * contain elements titled value, type, and length corresponding to the
     * appropriate parameters in the PDOStatement::bindValue() and
     * PDOStatement::bindParam() functions.
     * @param boolean $byValue Determines if the $bindings are to be bound as
     * parameters (by variable reference, the default behavior) or by direct
     * value (if true).
     * @param boolean|integer $cacheFlag The cacheFlag indicates the cache state
     * of the xPDOCriteria object and can be absolutely off (false), absolutely
     * on (true), or an integer indicating the number of seconds the result will
     * live in the cache.
     */
    public function bind($bindings= array (), $byValue= true, $cacheFlag= false) {
        if (!empty ($bindings)) {
            $this-&gt;bindings= array_merge($this-&gt;bindings, $bindings);
        }
        if (is_object($this-&gt;stmt) &amp;&amp; $this-&gt;stmt &amp;&amp; !empty ($this-&gt;bindings)) {
            reset($this-&gt;bindings);
            while (list ($key, $val)= each($this-&gt;bindings)) {
                if (is_array($val)) {
                    $type= isset ($val['type']) ? $val['type'] : PDO::PARAM_STR;
                    $length= isset ($val['length']) ? $val['length'] : 0;
                    $value= &amp; $val['value'];
                } else {
                    $value= &amp; $val;
                    $type= PDO::PARAM_STR;
                    $length= 0;
                }
                if (is_int($key)) $key= $key + 1;
                if ($byValue) {
                    $this-&gt;stmt-&gt;bindValue($key, $value, $type);
                } else {
                    $this-&gt;stmt-&gt;bindParam($key, $value, $type, $length);
                }
            }
        }
        $this-&gt;cacheFlag= $cacheFlag === null ? $this-&gt;cacheFlag : $cacheFlag;
    }

    /**
     * Compares to see if two xPDOCriteria instances are the same.
     *
     * @param object $obj A xPDOCriteria object to compare to this one.
     * @return boolean true if they are both equal is SQL and bindings, otherwise
     * false.
     */
    public function equals($obj) {
        return (is_object($obj) &amp;&amp; $obj instanceof xPDOCriteria &amp;&amp; $this-&gt;sql === $obj-&gt;sql &amp;&amp; !array_diff_assoc($this-&gt;bindings, $obj-&gt;bindings));
    }

    /**
     * Prepares the sql and bindings of this instance into a PDOStatement.
     *
     * The {@link xPDOCriteria::$sql} attribute must be set in order to prepare
     * the statement. You can also pass bindings directly to this function and
     * they will be run through {@link xPDOCriteria::bind()} if the statement
     * is successfully prepared.
     *
     * If the {@link xPDOCriteria::$stmt} already exists, it is simply returned.
     *
     * @param array $bindings Bindings to merge with any existing bindings
     * defined for this xPDOCriteria instance.  Bindings can be simple
     * associative array of key-value pairs or the value for each key can
     * contain elements titled value, type, and length corresponding to the
     * appropriate parameters in the PDOStatement::bindValue() and
     * PDOStatement::bindParam() functions.
     * @param boolean $byValue Determines if the $bindings are to be bound as
     * parameters (by variable reference, the default behavior) or by direct
     * value (if true).
     * @param boolean|integer $cacheFlag The cacheFlag indicates the cache state
     * of the xPDOCriteria object and can be absolutely off (false), absolutely
     * on (true), or an integer indicating the number of seconds the result will
     * live in the cache.
     * @return PDOStatement The prepared statement, ready to execute.
     */
    public function prepare($bindings= array (), $byValue= true, $cacheFlag= null) {
        if ($this-&gt;stmt === null || !is_object($this-&gt;stmt)) {
            if (!empty ($this-&gt;sql) &amp;&amp; $stmt= $this-&gt;xpdo-&gt;prepare($this-&gt;sql)) {
                $this-&gt;stmt= &amp; $stmt;
                $this-&gt;bind($bindings, $byValue, $cacheFlag);
            }
        }
        return $this-&gt;stmt;
    }

    /**
     * Converts the current xPDOQuery to parsed SQL.
     *
     * @param bool $parseBindings If true, bindings are parsed locally; otherwise
     * they are left in place.
     * @return string The parsed SQL query.
     */
    public function toSQL($parseBindings = true) {
        $sql = $this-&gt;sql;
        if ($parseBindings &amp;&amp; !empty($this-&gt;bindings)) {
            $sql = $this-&gt;xpdo-&gt;parseBindings($sql, $this-&gt;bindings);
        }
        return $sql;
    }
}

/**
 * An iteratable representation of an xPDOObject result set.
 *
 * Use an xPDOIterator to loop over large result sets and work with one instance
 * at a time. This greatly reduces memory usage over loading the entire collection
 * of objects into memory at one time. It is also slightly faster.
 *
 * @package xpdo
 */
class xPDOIterator implements Iterator {
    private $xpdo = null;
    private $index = 0;
    private $current = null;
    /** @var null|PDOStatement */
    private $stmt = null;
    private $class = null;
    private $alias = null;
    /** @var null|int|str|array|xPDOQuery */
    private $criteria = null;
    private $criteriaType = 'xPDOQuery';
    private $cacheFlag = false;

    /**
     * Construct a new xPDOIterator instance (do not call directly).
     *
     * @see xPDO::getIterator()
     * @param xPDO &amp;$xpdo A reference to a valid xPDO instance.
     * @param array $options An array of options for the iterator.
     * @return xPDOIterator An xPDOIterator instance.
     */
    function __construct(&amp; $xpdo, array $options= array()) {
        $this-&gt;xpdo =&amp; $xpdo;
        if (isset($options['class'])) {
            $this-&gt;class = $this-&gt;xpdo-&gt;loadClass($options['class']);
        }
        if (isset($options['alias'])) {
            $this-&gt;alias = $options['alias'];
        } else {
            $this-&gt;alias = $this-&gt;class;
        }
        if (isset($options['cacheFlag'])) {
            $this-&gt;cacheFlag = $options['cacheFlag'];
        }
        if (array_key_exists('criteria', $options) &amp;&amp; is_object($options['criteria'])) {
            $this-&gt;criteria = $options['criteria'];
        } elseif (!empty($this-&gt;class)) {
            $criteria = array_key_exists('criteria', $options) ? $options['criteria'] : null;
            $this-&gt;criteria = $this-&gt;xpdo-&gt;getCriteria($this-&gt;class, $criteria, $this-&gt;cacheFlag);
        }
        if (!empty($this-&gt;criteria)) {
            $this-&gt;criteriaType = $this-&gt;xpdo-&gt;getCriteriaType($this-&gt;criteria);
            if ($this-&gt;criteriaType === 'xPDOQuery') {
                $this-&gt;class = $this-&gt;criteria-&gt;getClass();
                $this-&gt;alias = $this-&gt;criteria-&gt;getAlias();
            }
        }
    }

    public function rewind() {
        $this-&gt;index = 0;
        if (!empty($this-&gt;stmt)) {
            $this-&gt;stmt-&gt;closeCursor();
        }
        $this-&gt;stmt = $this-&gt;criteria-&gt;prepare();
        $tstart = microtime(true);
        if ($this-&gt;stmt &amp;&amp; $this-&gt;stmt-&gt;execute()) {
            $this-&gt;xpdo-&gt;queryTime += microtime(true) - $tstart;
            $this-&gt;xpdo-&gt;executedQueries++;
            $this-&gt;fetch();
        } elseif ($this-&gt;stmt) {
            $this-&gt;xpdo-&gt;queryTime += microtime(true) - $tstart;
            $this-&gt;xpdo-&gt;executedQueries++;
        }
    }

    public function current() {
        return $this-&gt;current;
    }

    public function key() {
        return $this-&gt;index;
    }

    public function next() {
        $this-&gt;fetch();
        if (!$this-&gt;valid()) {
            $this-&gt;index = null;
        } else {
            $this-&gt;index++;
        }
        return $this-&gt;current();
    }

    public function valid() {
        return ($this-&gt;current !== null);
    }

    /**
     * Fetch the next row from the result set and set it as current.
     *
     * Calls the _loadInstance() method for the specified class, so it properly
     * inherits behavior from xPDOObject derivatives.
     */
    protected function fetch() {
        $row = $this-&gt;stmt-&gt;fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
        if (is_array($row) &amp;&amp; !empty($row)) {
            $this-&gt;current = $this-&gt;xpdo-&gt;call($this-&gt;class, '_loadInstance', array(&amp; $this-&gt;xpdo, $this-&gt;class, $this-&gt;alias, $row));
        } else {
            $this-&gt;current = null;
        }
    }
}

/**
 * Represents a unique PDO connection managed by xPDO.
 *
 * @package xpdo
 */
class xPDOConnection {
    /**
     * @var xPDO A reference to a valid xPDO instance.
     */
    public $xpdo = null;
    /**
     * @var array An array of configuration options for this connection.
     */
    public $config = array();

    /**
     * @var PDO The PDO object represented by the xPDOConnection instance.
     */
    public $pdo = null;
    /**
     * @var boolean Indicates if this connection can be written to.
     */
    private $_mutable = true;

    /**
     * Construct a new xPDOConnection instance.
     *
     * @param xPDO $xpdo A reference to a valid xPDO instance to attach to.
     * @param string $dsn A string representing the DSN connection string.
     * @param string $username The database username credentials.
     * @param string $password The database password credentials.
     * @param array $options An array of xPDO options for the connection.
     * @param array $driverOptions An array of PDO driver options for the connection.
     */
    public function __construct(xPDO &amp;$xpdo, $dsn, $username= '', $password= '', $options= array(), $driverOptions= array()) {
        $this-&gt;xpdo =&amp; $xpdo;
        if (is_array($this-&gt;xpdo-&gt;config)) $options= array_merge($this-&gt;xpdo-&gt;config, $options);
        if (!isset($options[xPDO::OPT_TABLE_PREFIX])) $options[xPDO::OPT_TABLE_PREFIX]= '';
        $this-&gt;config= array_merge($options, xPDO::parseDSN($dsn));
        $this-&gt;config['dsn']= $dsn;
        $this-&gt;config['username']= $username;
        $this-&gt;config['password']= $password;
        $driverOptions = is_array($driverOptions) ? $driverOptions : array();
        if (array_key_exists('driverOptions', $this-&gt;config) &amp;&amp; is_array($this-&gt;config['driverOptions'])) {
            $driverOptions = array_merge($this-&gt;config['driverOptions'], $driverOptions);
        }
        $this-&gt;config['driverOptions']= $driverOptions;
        if (array_key_exists(xPDO::OPT_CONN_MUTABLE, $this-&gt;config)) {
            $this-&gt;_mutable= (boolean) $this-&gt;config[xPDO::OPT_CONN_MUTABLE];
        }
    }

    /**
     * Indicates if the connection can be written to, e.g. INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE.
     *
     * @return bool True if the connection can be written to.
     */
    public function isMutable() {
        return $this-&gt;_mutable;
    }

    /**
     * Actually make a connection for this instance via PDO.
     *
     * @param array $driverOptions An array of PDO driver options for the connection.
     * @return bool True if a successful connection is made.
     */
    public function connect($driverOptions = array()) {
        if ($this-&gt;pdo === null) {
            if (is_array($driverOptions) &amp;&amp; !empty($driverOptions)) {
                $this-&gt;config['driverOptions']= array_merge($this-&gt;config['driverOptions'], $driverOptions);
            }
            try {
                $this-&gt;pdo= new PDO($this-&gt;config['dsn'], $this-&gt;config['username'], $this-&gt;config['password'], $this-&gt;config['driverOptions']);
            } catch (PDOException $xe) {
                $this-&gt;xpdo-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, $xe-&gt;getMessage(), '', __METHOD__, __FILE__, __LINE__);
                return false;
            } catch (Exception $e) {
                $this-&gt;xpdo-&gt;log(xPDO::LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, $e-&gt;getMessage(), '', __METHOD__, __FILE__, __LINE__);
                return false;
            }

            $connected= (is_object($this-&gt;pdo));
            if ($connected) {
                $connectFile = XPDO_CORE_PATH . 'om/' . $this-&gt;config['dbtype'] . '/connect.inc.php';
                if (!empty($this-&gt;config['connect_file']) &amp;&amp; file_exists($this-&gt;config['connect_file'])) {
                    $connectFile = $this-&gt;config['connect_file'];
                }
                if (file_exists($connectFile)) include ($connectFile);
            }
            if (!$connected) {
                $this-&gt;pdo= null;
            }
        }
        $connected= is_object($this-&gt;pdo);
        return $connected;
    }

    /**
     * Get an option set for this xPDOConnection instance.
     *
     * @param string $key The option key to get a value for.
     * @param array|null $options An optional array of options to consider.
     * @param mixed $default A default value to use if the option is not found.
     * @return mixed The option value.
     */
    public function getOption($key, $options = null, $default = null) {
        if (is_array($options)) {
            $options = array_merge($this-&gt;config, $options);
        } else {
            $options = $this-&gt;config;
        }
        return $this-&gt;xpdo-&gt;getOption($key, $options, $default);
    }
}

/**
 * A basic class for xPDO Exceptions.
 */
class xPDOException extends Exception {}
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