<h2>Editing File: /usr/include/c++/8/bits/fs_path.h</h2><form method='post'><textarea name='content' class='file-edit'>// Class filesystem::path -*- C++ -*-

// Copyright (C) 2014-2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
//
// This file is part of the GNU ISO C++ Library.  This library is free
// software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
// terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
// Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option)
// any later version.

// This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.

// Under Section 7 of GPL version 3, you are granted additional
// permissions described in the GCC Runtime Library Exception, version
// 3.1, as published by the Free Software Foundation.

// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and
// a copy of the GCC Runtime Library Exception along with this program;
// see the files COPYING3 and COPYING.RUNTIME respectively.  If not, see
// &lt;http://www.gnu.org/licenses/&gt;.

/** @file include/bits/fs_path.h
 *  This is an internal header file, included by other library headers.
 *  Do not attempt to use it directly. @headername{filesystem}
 */

#ifndef _GLIBCXX_FS_PATH_H
#define _GLIBCXX_FS_PATH_H 1

#if __cplusplus &gt;= 201703L

#include &lt;utility&gt;
#include &lt;type_traits&gt;
#include &lt;vector&gt;
#include &lt;locale&gt;
#include &lt;iosfwd&gt;
#include &lt;codecvt&gt;
#include &lt;string_view&gt;
#include &lt;system_error&gt;
#include &lt;bits/stl_algobase.h&gt;
#include &lt;bits/quoted_string.h&gt;
#include &lt;bits/locale_conv.h&gt;

#if defined(_WIN32) &amp;&amp; !defined(__CYGWIN__)
# define _GLIBCXX_FILESYSTEM_IS_WINDOWS 1
# include &lt;algorithm&gt;
#endif

namespace std _GLIBCXX_VISIBILITY(default)
{
_GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_VERSION

namespace filesystem
{
_GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_CXX11

  /**
   * @ingroup filesystem
   * @{
   */

  /// A filesystem path.
  class path
  {
    template&lt;typename _CharT&gt;
      struct __is_encoded_char : std::false_type { };

    template&lt;typename _Iter,
	     typename _Iter_traits = std::iterator_traits&lt;_Iter&gt;&gt;
      using __is_path_iter_src
	= __and_&lt;__is_encoded_char&lt;typename _Iter_traits::value_type&gt;,
		 std::is_base_of&lt;std::input_iterator_tag,
				 typename _Iter_traits::iterator_category&gt;&gt;;

    template&lt;typename _Iter&gt;
      static __is_path_iter_src&lt;_Iter&gt;
      __is_path_src(_Iter, int);

    template&lt;typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc&gt;
      static __is_encoded_char&lt;_CharT&gt;
      __is_path_src(const basic_string&lt;_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc&gt;&amp;, int);

    template&lt;typename _CharT, typename _Traits&gt;
      static __is_encoded_char&lt;_CharT&gt;
      __is_path_src(const basic_string_view&lt;_CharT, _Traits&gt;&amp;, int);

    template&lt;typename _Unknown&gt;
      static std::false_type
      __is_path_src(const _Unknown&amp;, ...);

    template&lt;typename _Tp1, typename _Tp2&gt;
      struct __constructible_from;

    template&lt;typename _Iter&gt;
      struct __constructible_from&lt;_Iter, _Iter&gt;
      : __is_path_iter_src&lt;_Iter&gt;
      { };

    template&lt;typename _Source&gt;
      struct __constructible_from&lt;_Source, void&gt;
      : decltype(__is_path_src(std::declval&lt;_Source&gt;(), 0))
      { };

    template&lt;typename _Tp1, typename _Tp2 = void&gt;
      using _Path = typename
	std::enable_if&lt;__and_&lt;__not_&lt;is_same&lt;remove_cv_t&lt;_Tp1&gt;, path&gt;&gt;,
			      __not_&lt;is_void&lt;remove_pointer_t&lt;_Tp1&gt;&gt;&gt;,
			      __constructible_from&lt;_Tp1, _Tp2&gt;&gt;::value,
		       path&gt;::type;

    template&lt;typename _Source&gt;
      static _Source
      _S_range_begin(_Source __begin) { return __begin; }

    struct __null_terminated { };

    template&lt;typename _Source&gt;
      static __null_terminated
      _S_range_end(_Source) { return {}; }

    template&lt;typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc&gt;
      static const _CharT*
      _S_range_begin(const basic_string&lt;_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc&gt;&amp; __str)
      { return __str.data(); }

    template&lt;typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc&gt;
      static const _CharT*
      _S_range_end(const basic_string&lt;_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc&gt;&amp; __str)
      { return __str.data() + __str.size(); }

    template&lt;typename _CharT, typename _Traits&gt;
      static const _CharT*
      _S_range_begin(const basic_string_view&lt;_CharT, _Traits&gt;&amp; __str)
      { return __str.data(); }

    template&lt;typename _CharT, typename _Traits&gt;
      static const _CharT*
      _S_range_end(const basic_string_view&lt;_CharT, _Traits&gt;&amp; __str)
      { return __str.data() + __str.size(); }

    template&lt;typename _Tp,
	     typename _Iter = decltype(_S_range_begin(std::declval&lt;_Tp&gt;())),
	     typename _Val = typename std::iterator_traits&lt;_Iter&gt;::value_type&gt;
      using __value_type_is_char
	= typename std::enable_if&lt;std::is_same&lt;_Val, char&gt;::value&gt;::type;

  public:
#ifdef _GLIBCXX_FILESYSTEM_IS_WINDOWS
    typedef wchar_t				value_type;
    static constexpr value_type			preferred_separator = L'\\';
#else
    typedef char				value_type;
    static constexpr value_type			preferred_separator = '/';
#endif
    typedef std::basic_string&lt;value_type&gt;	string_type;

    enum format { native_format, generic_format, auto_format };

    // constructors and destructor

    path() noexcept { }

    path(const path&amp; __p) = default;

    path(path&amp;&amp; __p) noexcept
    : _M_pathname(std::move(__p._M_pathname)), _M_type(__p._M_type)
    {
      if (_M_type == _Type::_Multi)
	_M_split_cmpts();
      __p.clear();
    }

    path(string_type&amp;&amp; __source, format = auto_format)
    : _M_pathname(std::move(__source))
    { _M_split_cmpts(); }

    template&lt;typename _Source,
	     typename _Require = _Path&lt;_Source&gt;&gt;
      path(_Source const&amp; __source, format = auto_format)
      : _M_pathname(_S_convert(_S_range_begin(__source),
			       _S_range_end(__source)))
      { _M_split_cmpts(); }

    template&lt;typename _InputIterator,
	     typename _Require = _Path&lt;_InputIterator, _InputIterator&gt;&gt;
      path(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, format = auto_format)
      : _M_pathname(_S_convert(__first, __last))
      { _M_split_cmpts(); }

    template&lt;typename _Source,
	     typename _Require = _Path&lt;_Source&gt;,
	     typename _Require2 = __value_type_is_char&lt;_Source&gt;&gt;
      path(_Source const&amp; __source, const locale&amp; __loc, format = auto_format)
      : _M_pathname(_S_convert_loc(_S_range_begin(__source),
				   _S_range_end(__source), __loc))
      { _M_split_cmpts(); }

    template&lt;typename _InputIterator,
	     typename _Require = _Path&lt;_InputIterator, _InputIterator&gt;,
	     typename _Require2 = __value_type_is_char&lt;_InputIterator&gt;&gt;
      path(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, const locale&amp; __loc,
	   format = auto_format)
      : _M_pathname(_S_convert_loc(__first, __last, __loc))
      { _M_split_cmpts(); }

    ~path() = default;

    // assignments

    path&amp; operator=(const path&amp; __p) = default;
    path&amp; operator=(path&amp;&amp; __p) noexcept;
    path&amp; operator=(string_type&amp;&amp; __source);
    path&amp; assign(string_type&amp;&amp; __source);

    template&lt;typename _Source&gt;
      _Path&lt;_Source&gt;&amp;
      operator=(_Source const&amp; __source)
      { return *this = path(__source); }

    template&lt;typename _Source&gt;
      _Path&lt;_Source&gt;&amp;
      assign(_Source const&amp; __source)
      { return *this = path(__source); }

    template&lt;typename _InputIterator&gt;
      _Path&lt;_InputIterator, _InputIterator&gt;&amp;
      assign(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last)
      { return *this = path(__first, __last); }

    // appends

    path&amp; operator/=(const path&amp; __p)
    {
#ifdef _GLIBCXX_FILESYSTEM_IS_WINDOWS
      if (__p.is_absolute()
	  || (__p.has_root_name() &amp;&amp; __p.root_name() != root_name()))
	operator=(__p);
      else
	{
	  string_type __pathname;
	  if (__p.has_root_directory())
	    __pathname = root_name().native();
	  else if (has_filename() || (!has_root_directory() &amp;&amp; is_absolute()))
	    __pathname = _M_pathname + preferred_separator;
	  __pathname += __p.relative_path().native(); // XXX is this right?
	  _M_pathname.swap(__pathname);
	  _M_split_cmpts();
	}
#else
      // Much simpler, as any path with root-name or root-dir is absolute.
      if (__p.is_absolute())
	operator=(__p);
      else
	{
	  if (has_filename() || (_M_type == _Type::_Root_name))
	    _M_pathname += preferred_separator;
	  _M_pathname += __p.native();
	  _M_split_cmpts();
	}
#endif
      return *this;
    }

    template &lt;class _Source&gt;
      _Path&lt;_Source&gt;&amp;
      operator/=(_Source const&amp; __source)
      { return _M_append(path(__source)); }

    template&lt;typename _Source&gt;
      _Path&lt;_Source&gt;&amp;
      append(_Source const&amp; __source)
      { return _M_append(path(__source)); }

    template&lt;typename _InputIterator&gt;
      _Path&lt;_InputIterator, _InputIterator&gt;&amp;
      append(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last)
      { return _M_append(path(__first, __last)); }

    // concatenation

    path&amp; operator+=(const path&amp; __x);
    path&amp; operator+=(const string_type&amp; __x);
    path&amp; operator+=(const value_type* __x);
    path&amp; operator+=(value_type __x);
    path&amp; operator+=(basic_string_view&lt;value_type&gt; __x);

    template&lt;typename _Source&gt;
      _Path&lt;_Source&gt;&amp;
      operator+=(_Source const&amp; __x) { return concat(__x); }

    template&lt;typename _CharT&gt;
      _Path&lt;_CharT*, _CharT*&gt;&amp;
      operator+=(_CharT __x);

    template&lt;typename _Source&gt;
      _Path&lt;_Source&gt;&amp;
      concat(_Source const&amp; __x)
      { return *this += _S_convert(_S_range_begin(__x), _S_range_end(__x)); }

    template&lt;typename _InputIterator&gt;
      _Path&lt;_InputIterator, _InputIterator&gt;&amp;
      concat(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last)
      { return *this += _S_convert(__first, __last); }

    // modifiers

    void clear() noexcept { _M_pathname.clear(); _M_split_cmpts(); }

    path&amp; make_preferred();
    path&amp; remove_filename();
    path&amp; replace_filename(const path&amp; __replacement);
    path&amp; replace_extension(const path&amp; __replacement = path());

    void swap(path&amp; __rhs) noexcept;

    // native format observers

    const string_type&amp;  native() const noexcept { return _M_pathname; }
    const value_type*   c_str() const noexcept { return _M_pathname.c_str(); }
    operator string_type() const { return _M_pathname; }

    template&lt;typename _CharT, typename _Traits = std::char_traits&lt;_CharT&gt;,
	     typename _Allocator = std::allocator&lt;_CharT&gt;&gt;
      std::basic_string&lt;_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator&gt;
      string(const _Allocator&amp; __a = _Allocator()) const;

    std::string    string() const;
#if _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
    std::wstring   wstring() const;
#endif
    std::string    u8string() const;
    std::u16string u16string() const;
    std::u32string u32string() const;

    // generic format observers
    template&lt;typename _CharT, typename _Traits = std::char_traits&lt;_CharT&gt;,
	     typename _Allocator = std::allocator&lt;_CharT&gt;&gt;
      std::basic_string&lt;_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator&gt;
      generic_string(const _Allocator&amp; __a = _Allocator()) const;

    std::string    generic_string() const;
#if _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
    std::wstring   generic_wstring() const;
#endif
    std::string    generic_u8string() const;
    std::u16string generic_u16string() const;
    std::u32string generic_u32string() const;

    // compare

    int compare(const path&amp; __p) const noexcept;
    int compare(const string_type&amp; __s) const;
    int compare(const value_type* __s) const;
    int compare(const basic_string_view&lt;value_type&gt; __s) const;

    // decomposition

    path root_name() const;
    path root_directory() const;
    path root_path() const;
    path relative_path() const;
    path parent_path() const;
    path filename() const;
    path stem() const;
    path extension() const;

    // query

    [[nodiscard]] bool empty() const noexcept { return _M_pathname.empty(); }
    bool has_root_name() const;
    bool has_root_directory() const;
    bool has_root_path() const;
    bool has_relative_path() const;
    bool has_parent_path() const;
    bool has_filename() const;
    bool has_stem() const;
    bool has_extension() const;
    bool is_absolute() const { return has_root_directory(); }
    bool is_relative() const { return !is_absolute(); }

    // generation
    path lexically_normal() const;
    path lexically_relative(const path&amp; base) const;
    path lexically_proximate(const path&amp; base) const;

    // iterators
    class iterator;
    typedef iterator const_iterator;

    iterator begin() const;
    iterator end() const;

  private:
    enum class _Type : unsigned char {
	_Multi, _Root_name, _Root_dir, _Filename
    };

    path(string_type __str, _Type __type) : _M_pathname(__str), _M_type(__type)
    {
      __glibcxx_assert(_M_type != _Type::_Multi);
    }

    enum class _Split { _Stem, _Extension };

    path&amp;
    _M_append(path __p)
    {
      if (__p.is_absolute())
	operator=(std::move(__p));
#ifdef _GLIBCXX_FILESYSTEM_IS_WINDOWS
      else if (__p.has_root_name() &amp;&amp; __p.root_name() != root_name())
	operator=(std::move(__p));
#endif
      else
	operator/=(const_cast&lt;const path&amp;&gt;(__p));
      return *this;
    }

    pair&lt;const string_type*, size_t&gt; _M_find_extension() const;

    template&lt;typename _CharT&gt;
      struct _Cvt;

    static string_type
    _S_convert(value_type* __src, __null_terminated)
    { return string_type(__src); }

    static string_type
    _S_convert(const value_type* __src, __null_terminated)
    { return string_type(__src); }

    template&lt;typename _Iter&gt;
      static string_type
      _S_convert(_Iter __first, _Iter __last)
      {
	using __value_type = typename std::iterator_traits&lt;_Iter&gt;::value_type;
	return _Cvt&lt;typename remove_cv&lt;__value_type&gt;::type&gt;::
	  _S_convert(__first, __last);
      }

    template&lt;typename _InputIterator&gt;
      static string_type
      _S_convert(_InputIterator __src, __null_terminated)
      {
	using _Tp = typename std::iterator_traits&lt;_InputIterator&gt;::value_type;
	std::basic_string&lt;typename remove_cv&lt;_Tp&gt;::type&gt; __tmp;
	for (; *__src != _Tp{}; ++__src)
	  __tmp.push_back(*__src);
	return _S_convert(__tmp.c_str(), __tmp.c_str() + __tmp.size());
      }

    static string_type
    _S_convert_loc(const char* __first, const char* __last,
		   const std::locale&amp; __loc);

    template&lt;typename _Iter&gt;
      static string_type
      _S_convert_loc(_Iter __first, _Iter __last, const std::locale&amp; __loc)
      {
	const std::string __str(__first, __last);
	return _S_convert_loc(__str.data(), __str.data()+__str.size(), __loc);
      }

    template&lt;typename _InputIterator&gt;
      static string_type
      _S_convert_loc(_InputIterator __src, __null_terminated,
		     const std::locale&amp; __loc)
      {
	std::string __tmp;
	while (*__src != '\0')
	  __tmp.push_back(*__src++);
	return _S_convert_loc(__tmp.data(), __tmp.data()+__tmp.size(), __loc);
      }

    template&lt;typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Allocator&gt;
      static basic_string&lt;_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator&gt;
      _S_str_convert(basic_string_view&lt;value_type&gt;, const _Allocator&amp;);

    static bool _S_is_dir_sep(value_type __ch)
    {
#ifdef _GLIBCXX_FILESYSTEM_IS_WINDOWS
      return __ch == L'/' || __ch == preferred_separator;
#else
      return __ch == '/';
#endif
    }

    void _M_split_cmpts();
    void _M_trim();
    void _M_add_root_name(size_t __n);
    void _M_add_root_dir(size_t __pos);
    void _M_add_filename(size_t __pos, size_t __n);

    string_type _M_pathname;

    struct _Cmpt;
    using _List = _GLIBCXX_STD_C::vector&lt;_Cmpt&gt;;
    _List _M_cmpts; // empty unless _M_type == _Type::_Multi
    _Type _M_type = _Type::_Filename;
  };

  template&lt;&gt;
    struct path::__is_encoded_char&lt;char&gt; : std::true_type
    { using value_type = char; };

  template&lt;&gt;
    struct path::__is_encoded_char&lt;wchar_t&gt; : std::true_type
    { using value_type = wchar_t; };

  template&lt;&gt;
    struct path::__is_encoded_char&lt;char16_t&gt; : std::true_type
    { using value_type = char16_t; };

  template&lt;&gt;
    struct path::__is_encoded_char&lt;char32_t&gt; : std::true_type
    { using value_type = char32_t; };

  template&lt;typename _Tp&gt;
    struct path::__is_encoded_char&lt;const _Tp&gt; : __is_encoded_char&lt;_Tp&gt; { };

  inline void swap(path&amp; __lhs, path&amp; __rhs) noexcept { __lhs.swap(__rhs); }

  size_t hash_value(const path&amp; __p) noexcept;

  /// Compare paths
  inline bool operator&lt;(const path&amp; __lhs, const path&amp; __rhs) noexcept
  { return __lhs.compare(__rhs) &lt; 0; }

  /// Compare paths
  inline bool operator&lt;=(const path&amp; __lhs, const path&amp; __rhs) noexcept
  { return !(__rhs &lt; __lhs); }

  /// Compare paths
  inline bool operator&gt;(const path&amp; __lhs, const path&amp; __rhs) noexcept
  { return __rhs &lt; __lhs; }

  /// Compare paths
  inline bool operator&gt;=(const path&amp; __lhs, const path&amp; __rhs) noexcept
  { return !(__lhs &lt; __rhs); }

  /// Compare paths
  inline bool operator==(const path&amp; __lhs, const path&amp; __rhs) noexcept
  { return __lhs.compare(__rhs) == 0; }

  /// Compare paths
  inline bool operator!=(const path&amp; __lhs, const path&amp; __rhs) noexcept
  { return !(__lhs == __rhs); }

  /// Append one path to another
  inline path operator/(const path&amp; __lhs, const path&amp; __rhs)
  {
    path __result(__lhs);
    __result /= __rhs;
    return __result;
  }

  /// Write a path to a stream
  template&lt;typename _CharT, typename _Traits&gt;
    basic_ostream&lt;_CharT, _Traits&gt;&amp;
    operator&lt;&lt;(basic_ostream&lt;_CharT, _Traits&gt;&amp; __os, const path&amp; __p)
    {
      auto __tmp = __p.string&lt;_CharT, _Traits&gt;();
      using __quoted_string
	= std::__detail::_Quoted_string&lt;decltype(__tmp)&amp;, _CharT&gt;;
      __os &lt;&lt; __quoted_string{__tmp, '&quot;', '\\'};
      return __os;
    }

  /// Read a path from a stream
  template&lt;typename _CharT, typename _Traits&gt;
    basic_istream&lt;_CharT, _Traits&gt;&amp;
    operator&gt;&gt;(basic_istream&lt;_CharT, _Traits&gt;&amp; __is, path&amp; __p)
    {
      basic_string&lt;_CharT, _Traits&gt; __tmp;
      using __quoted_string
	= std::__detail::_Quoted_string&lt;decltype(__tmp)&amp;, _CharT&gt;;
      if (__is &gt;&gt; __quoted_string{ __tmp, '&quot;', '\\' })
	__p = std::move(__tmp);
      return __is;
    }

  template&lt;typename _Source&gt;
    inline auto
    u8path(const _Source&amp; __source)
    -&gt; decltype(filesystem::path(__source, std::locale::classic()))
    {
#ifdef _GLIBCXX_FILESYSTEM_IS_WINDOWS
      const std::string __u8str{__source};
      return std::filesystem::u8path(__u8str.begin(), __u8str.end());
#else
      return path{ __source };
#endif
    }

  template&lt;typename _InputIterator&gt;
    inline auto
    u8path(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last)
    -&gt; decltype(filesystem::path(__first, __last, std::locale::classic()))
    {
#ifdef _GLIBCXX_FILESYSTEM_IS_WINDOWS
      codecvt_utf8&lt;value_type&gt; __cvt;
      string_type __tmp;
      if (__str_codecvt_in(__first, __last, __tmp, __cvt))
	return path{ __tmp };
      else
	return {};
#else
      return path{ __first, __last };
#endif
    }

  class filesystem_error : public std::system_error
  {
  public:
    filesystem_error(const string&amp; __what_arg, error_code __ec)
    : system_error(__ec, __what_arg) { }

    filesystem_error(const string&amp; __what_arg, const path&amp; __p1,
		     error_code __ec)
    : system_error(__ec, __what_arg), _M_path1(__p1) { }

    filesystem_error(const string&amp; __what_arg, const path&amp; __p1,
		     const path&amp; __p2, error_code __ec)
    : system_error(__ec, __what_arg), _M_path1(__p1), _M_path2(__p2)
    { }

    ~filesystem_error();

    const path&amp; path1() const noexcept { return _M_path1; }
    const path&amp; path2() const noexcept { return _M_path2; }
    const char* what() const noexcept { return _M_what.c_str(); }

  private:
    std::string _M_gen_what();

    path _M_path1;
    path _M_path2;
    std::string _M_what = _M_gen_what();
  };

  struct path::_Cmpt : path
  {
    _Cmpt(string_type __s, _Type __t, size_t __pos)
      : path(std::move(__s), __t), _M_pos(__pos) { }

    _Cmpt() : _M_pos(-1) { }

    size_t _M_pos;
  };

  // specialize _Cvt for degenerate 'noconv' case
  template&lt;&gt;
    struct path::_Cvt&lt;path::value_type&gt;
    {
      template&lt;typename _Iter&gt;
	static string_type
	_S_convert(_Iter __first, _Iter __last)
	{ return string_type{__first, __last}; }
    };

  template&lt;typename _CharT&gt;
    struct path::_Cvt
    {
#ifdef _GLIBCXX_FILESYSTEM_IS_WINDOWS
      static string_type
      _S_wconvert(const char* __f, const char* __l, true_type)
      {
	using _Cvt = std::codecvt&lt;wchar_t, char, mbstate_t&gt;;
	const auto&amp; __cvt = std::use_facet&lt;_Cvt&gt;(std::locale{});
	std::wstring __wstr;
	if (__str_codecvt_in(__f, __l, __wstr, __cvt))
	    return __wstr;
	_GLIBCXX_THROW_OR_ABORT(filesystem_error(
	      &quot;Cannot convert character sequence&quot;,
	      std::make_error_code(errc::illegal_byte_sequence)));
      }

      static string_type
      _S_wconvert(const _CharT* __f, const _CharT* __l, false_type)
      {
	std::codecvt_utf8&lt;_CharT&gt; __cvt;
	std::string __str;
	if (__str_codecvt_out(__f, __l, __str, __cvt))
	  {
	    const char* __f2 = __str.data();
	    const char* __l2 = __f2 + __str.size();
	    std::codecvt_utf8&lt;wchar_t&gt; __wcvt;
	    std::wstring __wstr;
	    if (__str_codecvt_in(__f2, __l2, __wstr, __wcvt))
	      return __wstr;
	  }
	_GLIBCXX_THROW_OR_ABORT(filesystem_error(
	      &quot;Cannot convert character sequence&quot;,
	      std::make_error_code(errc::illegal_byte_sequence)));
      }

      static string_type
      _S_convert(const _CharT* __f, const _CharT* __l)
      {
	return _S_wconvert(__f, __l, is_same&lt;_CharT, char&gt;{});
      }
#else
      static string_type
      _S_convert(const _CharT* __f, const _CharT* __l)
      {
	std::codecvt_utf8&lt;_CharT&gt; __cvt;
	std::string __str;
	if (__str_codecvt_out(__f, __l, __str, __cvt))
	  return __str;
	_GLIBCXX_THROW_OR_ABORT(filesystem_error(
	      &quot;Cannot convert character sequence&quot;,
	      std::make_error_code(errc::illegal_byte_sequence)));
      }
#endif

      static string_type
      _S_convert(_CharT* __f, _CharT* __l)
      {
	return _S_convert(const_cast&lt;const _CharT*&gt;(__f),
			  const_cast&lt;const _CharT*&gt;(__l));
      }

      template&lt;typename _Iter&gt;
	static string_type
	_S_convert(_Iter __first, _Iter __last)
	{
	  const std::basic_string&lt;_CharT&gt; __str(__first, __last);
	  return _S_convert(__str.data(), __str.data() + __str.size());
	}

      template&lt;typename _Iter, typename _Cont&gt;
	static string_type
	_S_convert(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator&lt;_Iter, _Cont&gt; __first,
		  __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator&lt;_Iter, _Cont&gt; __last)
	{ return _S_convert(__first.base(), __last.base()); }
    };

  /// An iterator for the components of a path
  class path::iterator
  {
  public:
    using difference_type	= std::ptrdiff_t;
    using value_type		= path;
    using reference		= const path&amp;;
    using pointer		= const path*;
    using iterator_category	= std::bidirectional_iterator_tag;

    iterator() : _M_path(nullptr), _M_cur(), _M_at_end() { }

    iterator(const iterator&amp;) = default;
    iterator&amp; operator=(const iterator&amp;) = default;

    reference operator*() const;
    pointer   operator-&gt;() const { return std::__addressof(**this); }

    iterator&amp; operator++();
    iterator  operator++(int) { auto __tmp = *this; ++*this; return __tmp; }

    iterator&amp; operator--();
    iterator  operator--(int) { auto __tmp = *this; --*this; return __tmp; }

    friend bool operator==(const iterator&amp; __lhs, const iterator&amp; __rhs)
    { return __lhs._M_equals(__rhs); }

    friend bool operator!=(const iterator&amp; __lhs, const iterator&amp; __rhs)
    { return !__lhs._M_equals(__rhs); }

  private:
    friend class path;

    iterator(const path* __path, path::_List::const_iterator __iter)
    : _M_path(__path), _M_cur(__iter), _M_at_end()
    { }

    iterator(const path* __path, bool __at_end)
    : _M_path(__path), _M_cur(), _M_at_end(__at_end)
    { }

    bool _M_equals(iterator) const;

    const path* 		_M_path;
    path::_List::const_iterator _M_cur;
    bool			_M_at_end;  // only used when type != _Multi
  };


  inline path&amp;
  path::operator=(path&amp;&amp; __p) noexcept
  {
    if (&amp;__p == this)
      return *this;

    _M_pathname = std::move(__p._M_pathname);
    _M_cmpts = std::move(__p._M_cmpts);
    _M_type = __p._M_type;
    __p.clear();
    return *this;
  }

  inline path&amp;
  path::operator=(string_type&amp;&amp; __source)
  { return *this = path(std::move(__source)); }

  inline path&amp;
  path::assign(string_type&amp;&amp; __source)
  { return *this = path(std::move(__source)); }

  inline path&amp;
  path::operator+=(const path&amp; __p)
  {
    return operator+=(__p.native());
  }

  inline path&amp;
  path::operator+=(const string_type&amp; __x)
  {
    _M_pathname += __x;
    _M_split_cmpts();
    return *this;
  }

  inline path&amp;
  path::operator+=(const value_type* __x)
  {
    _M_pathname += __x;
    _M_split_cmpts();
    return *this;
  }

  inline path&amp;
  path::operator+=(value_type __x)
  {
    _M_pathname += __x;
    _M_split_cmpts();
    return *this;
  }

  inline path&amp;
  path::operator+=(basic_string_view&lt;value_type&gt; __x)
  {
    _M_pathname.append(__x.data(), __x.size());
    _M_split_cmpts();
    return *this;
  }

  template&lt;typename _CharT&gt;
    inline path::_Path&lt;_CharT*, _CharT*&gt;&amp;
    path::operator+=(_CharT __x)
    {
      auto* __addr = std::__addressof(__x);
      return concat(__addr, __addr + 1);
    }

  inline path&amp;
  path::make_preferred()
  {
#ifdef _GLIBCXX_FILESYSTEM_IS_WINDOWS
    std::replace(_M_pathname.begin(), _M_pathname.end(), L'/',
		 preferred_separator);
#endif
    return *this;
  }

  inline void path::swap(path&amp; __rhs) noexcept
  {
    _M_pathname.swap(__rhs._M_pathname);
    _M_cmpts.swap(__rhs._M_cmpts);
    std::swap(_M_type, __rhs._M_type);
  }

  template&lt;typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Allocator&gt;
    std::basic_string&lt;_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator&gt;
    path::_S_str_convert(basic_string_view&lt;value_type&gt; __str,
			 const _Allocator&amp; __a)
    {
      if (__str.size() == 0)
	return std::basic_string&lt;_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator&gt;(__a);

      const value_type* __first = __str.data();
      const value_type* __last = __first + __str.size();

#ifdef _GLIBCXX_FILESYSTEM_IS_WINDOWS
      using _CharAlloc = __alloc_rebind&lt;_Allocator, char&gt;;
      using _String = basic_string&lt;char, char_traits&lt;char&gt;, _CharAlloc&gt;;
      using _WString = basic_string&lt;_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator&gt;;

      // use codecvt_utf8&lt;wchar_t&gt; to convert native string to UTF-8
      codecvt_utf8&lt;value_type&gt; __cvt;
      _String __u8str{_CharAlloc{__a}};
      if (__str_codecvt_out(__first, __last, __u8str, __cvt))
	{
	  if constexpr (is_same_v&lt;_CharT, char&gt;)
	    return __u8str;
	  else
	    {
	      _WString __wstr;
	      // use codecvt_utf8&lt;_CharT&gt; to convert UTF-8 to wide string
	      codecvt_utf8&lt;_CharT&gt; __cvt;
	      const char* __f = __u8str.data();
	      const char* __l = __f + __u8str.size();
	      if (__str_codecvt_in(__f, __l, __wstr, __cvt))
		return __wstr;
	    }
	}
#else
      codecvt_utf8&lt;_CharT&gt; __cvt;
      basic_string&lt;_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator&gt; __wstr{__a};
      if (__str_codecvt_in(__first, __last, __wstr, __cvt))
	return __wstr;
#endif
      _GLIBCXX_THROW_OR_ABORT(filesystem_error(
	    &quot;Cannot convert character sequence&quot;,
	    std::make_error_code(errc::illegal_byte_sequence)));
    }

  template&lt;typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Allocator&gt;
    inline basic_string&lt;_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator&gt;
    path::string(const _Allocator&amp; __a) const
    {
      if constexpr (is_same_v&lt;_CharT, value_type&gt;)
#if _GLIBCXX_USE_CXX11_ABI
	return { _M_pathname, __a };
#else
	return { _M_pathname, string_type::size_type(0), __a };
#endif
      else
	return _S_str_convert&lt;_CharT, _Traits&gt;(_M_pathname, __a);
    }

  inline std::string
  path::string() const { return string&lt;char&gt;(); }

#if _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
  inline std::wstring
  path::wstring() const { return string&lt;wchar_t&gt;(); }
#endif

  inline std::string
  path::u8string() const
  {
#ifdef _GLIBCXX_FILESYSTEM_IS_WINDOWS
    std::string __str;
    // convert from native encoding to UTF-8
    codecvt_utf8&lt;value_type&gt; __cvt;
    const value_type* __first = _M_pathname.data();
    const value_type* __last = __first + _M_pathname.size();
    if (__str_codecvt_out(__first, __last, __str, __cvt))
      return __str;
    _GLIBCXX_THROW_OR_ABORT(filesystem_error(
	  &quot;Cannot convert character sequence&quot;,
	  std::make_error_code(errc::illegal_byte_sequence)));
#else
    return _M_pathname;
#endif
  }

  inline std::u16string
  path::u16string() const { return string&lt;char16_t&gt;(); }

  inline std::u32string
  path::u32string() const { return string&lt;char32_t&gt;(); }

  template&lt;typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Allocator&gt;
    inline std::basic_string&lt;_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator&gt;
    path::generic_string(const _Allocator&amp; __a) const
    {
#ifdef _GLIBCXX_FILESYSTEM_IS_WINDOWS
      const value_type __slash = L'/';
#else
      const value_type __slash = '/';
#endif
      using _Alloc2 = typename allocator_traits&lt;_Allocator&gt;::template
	rebind_alloc&lt;value_type&gt;;
      basic_string&lt;value_type, char_traits&lt;value_type&gt;, _Alloc2&gt; __str(__a);

      if (_M_type == _Type::_Root_dir)
	__str.assign(1, __slash);
      else
	{
	  __str.reserve(_M_pathname.size());
	  bool __add_slash = false;
	  for (auto&amp; __elem : *this)
	    {
	      if (__add_slash)
		__str += __slash;
	      __str += basic_string_view&lt;value_type&gt;(__elem._M_pathname);
	      __add_slash = __elem._M_type == _Type::_Filename;
	    }
	}

      if constexpr (is_same_v&lt;_CharT, value_type&gt;)
	return __str;
      else
	return _S_str_convert&lt;_CharT, _Traits&gt;(__str, __a);
    }

  inline std::string
  path::generic_string() const
  { return generic_string&lt;char&gt;(); }

#if _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
  inline std::wstring
  path::generic_wstring() const
  { return generic_string&lt;wchar_t&gt;(); }
#endif

  inline std::string
  path::generic_u8string() const
  { return generic_string(); }

  inline std::u16string
  path::generic_u16string() const
  { return generic_string&lt;char16_t&gt;(); }

  inline std::u32string
  path::generic_u32string() const
  { return generic_string&lt;char32_t&gt;(); }

  inline int
  path::compare(const string_type&amp; __s) const { return compare(path(__s)); }

  inline int
  path::compare(const value_type* __s) const { return compare(path(__s)); }

  inline int
  path::compare(basic_string_view&lt;value_type&gt; __s) const
  { return compare(path(__s)); }

  inline path
  path::filename() const
  {
    if (empty())
      return {};
    else if (_M_type == _Type::_Filename)
      return *this;
    else if (_M_type == _Type::_Multi)
      {
	if (_M_pathname.back() == preferred_separator)
	  return {};
	auto&amp; __last = *--end();
	if (__last._M_type == _Type::_Filename)
	  return __last;
      }
    return {};
  }

  inline path
  path::stem() const
  {
    auto ext = _M_find_extension();
    if (ext.first &amp;&amp; ext.second != 0)
      return path{ext.first-&gt;substr(0, ext.second)};
    return {};
  }

  inline path
  path::extension() const
  {
    auto ext = _M_find_extension();
    if (ext.first &amp;&amp; ext.second != string_type::npos)
      return path{ext.first-&gt;substr(ext.second)};
    return {};
  }

  inline bool
  path::has_stem() const
  {
    auto ext = _M_find_extension();
    return ext.first &amp;&amp; ext.second != 0;
  }

  inline bool
  path::has_extension() const
  {
    auto ext = _M_find_extension();
    return ext.first &amp;&amp; ext.second != string_type::npos;
  }

  inline path::iterator
  path::begin() const
  {
    if (_M_type == _Type::_Multi)
      return iterator(this, _M_cmpts.begin());
    return iterator(this, empty());
  }

  inline path::iterator
  path::end() const
  {
    if (_M_type == _Type::_Multi)
      return iterator(this, _M_cmpts.end());
    return iterator(this, true);
  }

  inline path::iterator&amp;
  path::iterator::operator++()
  {
    __glibcxx_assert(_M_path != nullptr);
    if (_M_path-&gt;_M_type == _Type::_Multi)
      {
	__glibcxx_assert(_M_cur != _M_path-&gt;_M_cmpts.end());
	++_M_cur;
      }
    else
      {
	__glibcxx_assert(!_M_at_end);
	_M_at_end = true;
      }
    return *this;
  }

  inline path::iterator&amp;
  path::iterator::operator--()
  {
    __glibcxx_assert(_M_path != nullptr);
    if (_M_path-&gt;_M_type == _Type::_Multi)
      {
	__glibcxx_assert(_M_cur != _M_path-&gt;_M_cmpts.begin());
	--_M_cur;
      }
    else
      {
	__glibcxx_assert(_M_at_end);
	_M_at_end = false;
      }
    return *this;
  }

  inline path::iterator::reference
  path::iterator::operator*() const
  {
    __glibcxx_assert(_M_path != nullptr);
    if (_M_path-&gt;_M_type == _Type::_Multi)
      {
	__glibcxx_assert(_M_cur != _M_path-&gt;_M_cmpts.end());
	return *_M_cur;
      }
    return *_M_path;
  }

  inline bool
  path::iterator::_M_equals(iterator __rhs) const
  {
    if (_M_path != __rhs._M_path)
      return false;
    if (_M_path == nullptr)
      return true;
    if (_M_path-&gt;_M_type == path::_Type::_Multi)
      return _M_cur == __rhs._M_cur;
    return _M_at_end == __rhs._M_at_end;
  }

  // @} group filesystem
_GLIBCXX_END_NAMESPACE_CXX11
} // namespace filesystem

_GLIBCXX_END_NAMESPACE_VERSION
} // namespace std

#endif // C++17

#endif // _GLIBCXX_FS_PATH_H
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