<h2>Editing File: /opt/cpanel/ea-podman/lib/ea_podman/subids.pm</h2><form method='post'><textarea name='content' class='file-edit'>#!/usr/local/cpanel/3rdparty/bin/perl
# cpanel - ea_podman/subids.pm                     Copyright 2022 cPanel, L.L.C.
#                                                           All rights Reserved.
# copyright@cpanel.net                                         http://cpanel.net
# This code is subject to the cPanel license. Unauthorized copying is prohibited

use strict;
use warnings;

# Despite the name, this module owns the whole root-side rootless-session
# bootstrap, not just /etc/subuid and /etc/subgid. If you are looking for where
# ea-podman touches systemd as root, it is here.
package ea_podman::subids;

use Path::Tiny 'path';
use Cpanel::OS;
use Fcntl       qw(:flock);
use Time::HiRes ();

our $good = &quot;✅&quot;;
our $bad  = &quot;❌&quot;;

# FOR Testability
our $file_subuid = &quot;/etc/subuid&quot;;
our $file_subgid = &quot;/etc/subgid&quot;;
our $dir_run     = &quot;/run/user&quot;;

# systemd records a lingering user as an empty marker file in here:
# `loginctl enable-linger` creates one, `disable-linger` removes it. Reading
# the marker is cheaper — and far easier to test — than shelling out to
# `loginctl show-user &lt;user&gt; -p Linger`.
our $dir_linger = &quot;/var/lib/systemd/linger&quot;;

# Same shape, ea-podman’s own bookkeeping: a marker per account meaning “this
# linger is one we turned on”. $dir_linger says an account lingers, never who
# asked for it. Root owned, and not packaged so an upgrade leaves it be.
our $dir_granted_linger = &quot;/opt/cpanel/ea-podman/granted-linger&quot;;

# CageFS 7.6.39+ masks the `user@.service` *template*, so no per-user systemd
# manager can start and rootless podman has nothing to talk to. See
# docs/container-shell-access.md “CageFS 7.6.39+ masks user@.service” for why
# CloudLinux does it and why we cannot just leave it unmasked, and
# with_user_manager_unmasked() for what we do about it. (EA4-319)
#
# A mask is the unit name symlinked to /dev/null. Two possible locations,
# because `systemctl mask` writes under /etc and `systemctl mask --runtime`
# writes under /run; which one it is in is what a restore has to preserve.
our $file_mask_etc = &quot;/etc/systemd/system/user\@.service&quot;;
our $file_mask_run = &quot;/run/systemd/system/user\@.service&quot;;

# $file_mask_state records an in-progress window, so a run that is killed
# outright (where no signal handler gets to fire) still has its mask put back —
# by the next run through the guard.
our $file_mask_lock  = &quot;/opt/cpanel/ea-podman/user-manager-mask.lock&quot;;
our $file_mask_state = &quot;/opt/cpanel/ea-podman/user-manager-mask.state&quot;;

sub ensure_user_root {
    my ( $user, $num_uids, $ensure_session, $may_restart ) = @_;

    $num_uids       = 65537 if !$num_uids;
    $ensure_session = 1     if !defined $ensure_session;

    _ensure_subids( $user, $num_uids );

    # Only an account that has containers — or is about to get its first one —
    # is given a lingering user session. Lingering every account that merely ran
    # a command (or got backed up) was CPANEL-55309; the caller that can see the
    # container registry makes that call, see ea_podman::util::ensure_user().
    #
    # When it does apply it is (idempotently) redone every time, not just on
    # first subid setup: linger may have been torn down since (e.g. a stale
    # state or an explicit `loginctl disable-linger`), which would leave a
    # registered user with no runtime dir. (CPANEL-54037)
    # $may_restart says the account has no containers, so restarting a manager
    # that is up but unusable costs nothing. The caller decides because only it
    # can see the root-owned container registry. See ensure_user_session().
    ensure_user_session( $user, may_restart =&gt; $may_restart ) if $ensure_session;

    # Tell podman to ignore uid/gid issues
    _ensure_storage_conf();

    return;
}

# Allocate /etc/subuid + /etc/subgid ranges for the user, unless they already
# have both. A new range starts just past the highest existing allocation; on a
# host with no allocations at all the first one is placed so that it ends just
# below 190000.
#
# Read → compute → append has to happen under one lock, or two accounts
# bootstrapping at once claim the same range and their containers end up on the
# same host uids. One exclusive flock on $file_subuid covers both files: every
# allocation comes through here and always does the two together.
#
# It does not serialize against shadow-utils, which allocates from the same
# space under its own locking; the disjointness checks below cover that.
sub _ensure_subids {
    my ( $user, $num_uids ) = @_;

    # Opened first so the lock is held across everything below, and so a missing
    # file exists by the time it is read.
    open my $subuid_fh, &quot;&gt;&gt;&quot;, $file_subuid or die &quot;Could not open “$file_subuid”: $!\n&quot;;
    open my $subgid_fh, &quot;&gt;&gt;&quot;, $file_subgid or die &quot;Could not open “$file_subgid”: $!\n&quot;;

    flock( $subuid_fh, LOCK_EX ) or die &quot;Could not lock “$file_subuid”: $!\n&quot;;

    my $subuid_ranges = _read_ranges($file_subuid);
    my $subgid_ranges = _read_ranges($file_subgid);

    my $has_subuid = @{ _user_ranges( $subuid_ranges, $user ) } ? 1 : 0;
    my $has_subgid = @{ _user_ranges( $subgid_ranges, $user ) } ? 1 : 0;

    # Already allocated is not the same as safely allocated: an older unlocked
    # version or a concurrent `useradd` may have put this range on top of
    # another account’s. Each half is checked on its own — a shared subuid range
    # is no better for having the missing subgid range filled in.
    _assert_range_is_exclusive( $user, $subuid_ranges, $file_subuid ) if $has_subuid;
    _assert_range_is_exclusive( $user, $subgid_ranges, $file_subgid ) if $has_subgid;

    return if $has_subuid &amp;&amp; $has_subgid;

    # via the mechanics this means the uids/gids end just below 190000
    my $getuid_max = 190000 - $num_uids;
    my $getgid_max = 190000 - $num_uids;

    foreach my $range ( @{$subuid_ranges} ) {
        my $uid = $range-&gt;{start} + $range-&gt;{count};
        $getuid_max = $uid if ( $uid &gt; $getuid_max );
    }

    foreach my $range ( @{$subgid_ranges} ) {
        my $gid = $range-&gt;{start} + $range-&gt;{count};
        $getgid_max = $gid if ( $gid &gt; $getgid_max );
    }

    $getuid_max++;
    $getgid_max++;

    my $num_uids_minus_one = $num_uids - 1;

    # Checked, not assumed: highest-end-plus-one is only free if every line was
    # accounted for, and unparsable ones were not (see _read_ranges()).
    if ( !$has_subuid ) {
        _assert_allocation_is_free( $user, $getuid_max, $num_uids_minus_one, $subuid_ranges, $file_subuid );
        print {$subuid_fh} &quot;$user:$getuid_max:$num_uids_minus_one\n&quot; or die &quot;Could not write to “$file_subuid”: $!\n&quot;;
    }

    if ( !$has_subgid ) {
        _assert_allocation_is_free( $user, $getgid_max, $num_uids_minus_one, $subgid_ranges, $file_subgid );
        print {$subgid_fh} &quot;$user:$getgid_max:$num_uids_minus_one\n&quot; or die &quot;Could not write to “$file_subgid”: $!\n&quot;;
    }

    # A short write only surfaces on flush, and a truncated line here is worth
    # dying over. $subuid_fh closes last because that drops the lock.
    close $subgid_fh or die &quot;Could not write to “$file_subgid”: $!\n&quot;;
    close $subuid_fh or die &quot;Could not write to “$file_subuid”: $!\n&quot;;

    return;
}

# Bootstrap the user’s rootless-podman session *as root*. Historically
# ensure_user_root only did `mkdir /run/user/&lt;uid&gt;`, which left rootless
# podman without a running user systemd manager or dbus socket — so
# `podman generate systemd` + `systemctl --user` failed for any user without
# an interactive login (cpsrvd/UAPI, account hooks, `su -`). See CPANEL-54037
# (and UPS-504).
#
# `loginctl enable-linger &lt;user&gt;`, run as root, instead creates
# /run/user/&lt;uid&gt; as a tmpfs *and* — on first enable, see ensure_user_session()
# — starts user@&lt;uid&gt;.service (the user systemd manager), persisting both
# across logout/reboot — exactly what rootless
# container persistence requires. Held in a package variable so tests can
# stub the privileged call.
our $linger_enabler = \&amp;_enable_linger;

sub _enable_linger {
    my ($user) = @_;
    system( &quot;loginctl&quot;, &quot;enable-linger&quot;, $user );
    return $? == 0;
}

# Package variables so tests can stub the privileged calls, same as $linger_enabler.
our $daemon_reloader      = \&amp;_daemon_reload;
our $user_manager_starter = \&amp;_start_user_manager;

sub _daemon_reload {
    system( &quot;systemctl&quot;, &quot;daemon-reload&quot; );
    return $? == 0;
}

sub _start_user_manager {
    my ($uid) = @_;
    system( &quot;systemctl&quot;, &quot;start&quot;, &quot;user\@$uid.service&quot; );
    return $? == 0;
}

# The counterpart to $user_manager_starter, needed for one case only: a manager
# that is running while its runtime directory or bus socket is gone. `systemctl
# start` on a running unit is a no-op, so a restart is the only repair, and a
# restart has to begin with a stop.
#
# Expect this to be slow. Stopping a manager takes its containers down with it,
# and a container whose PID 1 does not exit on SIGTERM is only killed at
# TimeoutStopSec — 90s by default — so budget that per account. It is why only
# the sweep does this and the per-command path reports instead. (EA4-319)
our $user_manager_stopper = \&amp;_stop_user_manager;

sub _stop_user_manager {
    my ($uid) = @_;

    # Allowed while the template is masked: masking refuses new *starts*, not
    # stops. That is what lets both callers do this OUTSIDE the unmask window,
    # which matters because a stop can take TimeoutStopSec (90s) to return.
    system( &quot;systemctl&quot;, &quot;stop&quot;, &quot;user\@$uid.service&quot; );
    return $? == 0;
}

# Is the account’s manager actually running?
#
# Asked instead of testing for the bus socket, because the socket outlives the
# manager: logind only tears /run/user/&lt;uid&gt; down once the account’s LAST session
# ends, so `systemctl stop user@&lt;uid&gt;.service` on an account that still has a
# login leaves an orphaned /run/user/&lt;uid&gt;/bus behind. A start decision made on
# `-e $bus` then skips the start and reports success while nothing is listening —
# and rootless podman fails with “Failed to connect to user scope bus”. (EA4-319)
our $user_manager_is_active = \&amp;_user_manager_is_active;

sub _user_manager_is_active {
    my ($uid) = @_;
    system( &quot;systemctl&quot;, &quot;is-active&quot;, &quot;--quiet&quot;, &quot;user\@$uid.service&quot; );
    return $? == 0;
}

# Which of the two locations `user@.service` is masked in, or undef when it is
# not masked.
#
# Read off the filesystem rather than shelled out to
# `systemctl is-enabled user@.service`. Same reasoning as $dir_linger above: it
# is cheaper, it is far easier to test, and `is-enabled` only says “masked”
# without saying where. Per systemd.unit(5) an empty unit file masks too, so it
# counts here; a restore normalises it to the canonical symlink.
sub user_manager_mask_file {
    for my $file ( $file_mask_etc, $file_mask_run ) {
        next if !lstat($file);

        return $file if -l _  &amp;&amp; ( readlink($file) // '' ) eq &quot;/dev/null&quot;;
        return $file if !-l _ &amp;&amp; -z _;
    }

    return;
}

# Put the mask back. Idempotent: a mask already in place is left alone, which is
# what makes it safe to call on a path we never got as far as lifting.
sub _restore_user_manager_mask {
    my ($file) = @_;

    return 0 if !defined $file;
    return 0 if $file ne $file_mask_etc &amp;&amp; $file ne $file_mask_run;    # not ours to create

    if ( !lstat($file) ) {

        # /run/systemd/system may not exist yet. mkpath dies rather than
        # returning false, and this sub runs on the error path, so it must not be
        # allowed to throw: the symlink below is the authoritative check and
        # reports the real errno either way.
        eval { path($file)-&gt;parent-&gt;mkpath; 1 };

        if ( !symlink( &quot;/dev/null&quot;, $file ) ) {

            # Failing to put the mask back leaves CloudLinux’s CLOS-4517 fix off
            # on this host, which is a good deal worse than whatever we were
            # doing at the time. Say so loudly, and keep $file_mask_state so the
            # next run through the guard tries again — unlinking it here would
            # strand the host unmasked with nothing left to notice.
            warn &quot;ea-podman: could not put the `user\@.service` mask back at “$file”: $!\n&quot; . &quot;This host is left with the mask lifted. Restore it with `systemctl mask user\@.service` (`--runtime` if it was a runtime mask); ea-podman will also retry on its next run.\n&quot;;
            return 0;
        }

        $daemon_reloader-&gt;();
    }

    unlink $file_mask_state;

    return 1;
}

sub _write_mask_state {
    my ($file) = @_;

    path($file_mask_state)-&gt;spew(&quot;$file\n&quot;);    # parent is packaged, always there

    return;
}

sub _read_mask_state {
    return if !-e $file_mask_state;

    chomp( my $file = path($file_mask_state)-&gt;slurp );

    # Only ever one of the two paths we mask. Anything else is not ours to
    # unlink or create, and this is the one place the value is trusted.
    return if $file ne $file_mask_etc &amp;&amp; $file ne $file_mask_run;

    return $file;
}

# Set while a window is open, so a call inside $code does not unmask and remask
# a second time — and does not deadlock: flock() is per open file description,
# so a nested open of the lock file would block forever against this process’s
# own lock.
our $_in_window = 0;

# Run $code with `user@.service` temporarily unmasked, then put the mask back
# immediately. CloudLinux’s CLOS-4517 fix stays in place at rest and we bypass it
# only for the operation that cannot work without it, for only as long as that
# operation takes. It works because masking a unit does not stop an instance
# that is already running — only new starts are refused — so a manager started
# inside the window keeps running afterwards.
#
#   * Only the manager *start* needs this. The `systemctl --user` calls
#     (ea_podman::util::sysctl, _systemctl_quiet) talk to the account’s
#     already-running manager over its own bus, where the template mask is
#     irrelevant; wrapping those would buy nothing and cost two
#     `daemon-reload`s plus a host-wide window on every container
#     start/stop/status.
#   * While the window is open the template is unmasked host-wide, not
#     per-account. It is short and serialized, but it cannot be made per-account
#     without leaving a persistent carve-out on disk, which is the thing we are
#     avoiding.
#
# See docs/container-shell-access.md “CageFS 7.6.39+ masks user@.service”.
sub with_user_manager_unmasked {
    my ($code) = @_;

    if ($_in_window) { $code-&gt;(); return }

    # Fast path only: no lock and no daemon-reload, so a non-cagefs host pays
    # nothing. Another process may have the mask lifted this instant, so the
    # read that counts is the one under the lock below.
    if ( !user_manager_mask_file() &amp;&amp; !-e $file_mask_state ) { $code-&gt;(); return }

    # Serialize: two accounts bootstrapping at once must not have one of them
    # remask while the other still needs the window open. Same
    # one-exclusive-flock shape as _ensure_subids() above.
    open my $lock_fh, &quot;&gt;&gt;&quot;, $file_mask_lock or die &quot;Could not open “$file_mask_lock”: $!\n&quot;;
    flock( $lock_fh, LOCK_EX ) or die &quot;Could not lock “$file_mask_lock”: $!\n&quot;;

    # Under the lock, a state file means a predecessor was killed mid-window and
    # left the template unmasked — a live window holds this lock, so we could not
    # have got it. Its recorded mask is the one to put back on the way out, and
    # adopting it here (rather than restoring it now, only to lift it again two
    # statements later) saves a wasted symlink/daemon-reload round trip.
    my $file = user_manager_mask_file() // _read_mask_state();

    if ( !defined $file ) { $code-&gt;(); return }

    _write_mask_state($file);

    my $bail = sub { die &quot;ea-podman: SIG$_[0] while the `user\@.service` mask was lifted\n&quot; };
    local ( $SIG{INT}, $SIG{TERM}, $SIG{HUP} ) = ( $bail, $bail, $bail );

    # The eval, not a guard object with a DESTROY: the restore below then runs on
    # every way out of here — normal return, a die from $code, a die from the
    # unlink itself, or one of the signals above. A `kill -9` is the only case
    # nothing in-process can cover, which is what $file_mask_state is for.
    eval {
        # Unlink the symlink ourselves rather than call `systemctl unmask`, so the
        # restore is byte-exact: --runtime cannot be combined with unmask
        # (systemctl(1)), so a mask/unmask round trip would silently relocate a
        # runtime mask into /etc. Already gone when we adopted a killed run’s
        # window, and then there is nothing to lift.
        if ( lstat($file) ) {
            unlink $file or die &quot;Could not unmask “$file”: $!\n&quot;;
            $daemon_reloader-&gt;();
        }

        local $_in_window = 1;
        $code-&gt;();

        1;
    };
    my $err = $@;

    _restore_user_manager_mask($file);

    die $err if $err;

    return;
}

# Marks a die as being about THIS account's own user session -- its own uid, its
# own /run/user/&lt;uid&gt; -- and so safe to show the caller verbatim. A subid refusal
# is not: it names /etc/subuid and the account it collided with, which is
# root-side detail a cpuser must not see. The adminbin swallows everything by
# default and uses these two to make the exception, so the one message written to
# tell an operator which command repairs their account actually reaches them.
# (EA4-319)
our $session_error_prefix = &quot;ea-podman user session: &quot;;

sub is_user_session_error {
    my ($err) = @_;
    return ( defined $err &amp;&amp; index( $err, $session_error_prefix ) == 0 ) ? 1 : 0;
}

sub strip_user_session_error {
    my ($err) = @_;
    return $err if !is_user_session_error($err);

    substr( $err, 0, length($session_error_prefix) ) = &quot;&quot;;
    return $err;
}

# The one statement of what the mask is and where it comes from, so the
# root-side and cpuser-side messages cannot drift apart.
sub masked_user_manager_explanation {
    return &quot;`user\@.service` is masked on this server, which stops any per-user systemd manager from starting. CageFS 7.6.39 and newer mask it deliberately (CloudLinux CLOS-4517) and `cagefsctl --hook-install` re-applies the mask on every cagefs install and upgrade.\n&quot;;
}

# Appended to both dies below, because either can be the one that fires.
#
# EA4-319 open question 2 assumed only the bus would be missing, on the grounds
# that user-runtime-dir@.service is not itself masked. Measured on systemd 239,
# that is wrong: user@.service has Requires=user-runtime-dir@%i.service, so
# masking user@ fails the whole job and the runtime dir never gets created
# either — with or without a login session. The runtime-directory die is
# therefore the one a masked host actually hits, which also means the original
# “the runtime directory did not become available” report was accurate rather
# than misleading.
sub _masked_user_manager_hint {
    my ($uid) = @_;

    my $file = user_manager_mask_file() or return &quot;&quot;;

    return &quot;\n&quot; . masked_user_manager_explanation() . &quot;The mask is at “$file”. ea-podman lifts it only for as long as it takes to start the account’s manager and then puts it straight back; here that bypass did not take effect.\n&quot; . &quot;Check `systemctl status user\@$uid.service` and `journalctl -u user\@$uid.service` for why the manager itself failed.\n&quot;;
}

# The readiness poll below, as package variables so a test can exercise the
# timeout without actually sleeping for it.
our $poll_iterations = 100;
our $poll_sleeper    = sub { Time::HiRes::usleep(100_000) };    # 0.1s × 100 ≈ 10s max

sub ensure_user_session {
    my ( $user, %opts ) = @_;

    # Whether this caller is allowed to restart a manager that is running but
    # unusable (see the die below). Defaults to off: the callers that may are the
    # ones that have checked there are no containers to take down with it.
    my $may_restart = $opts{may_restart} ? 1 : 0;

    my ( $uid, $gid ) = ( getpwnam($user) )[ 2, 3 ];
    die &quot;Could not look up the uid/gid for “$user”\n&quot; if !defined $uid;

    # Nothing to do when the account already lingers and its manager is up — and
    # running enable-linger anyway is not free. systemd re-touches
    # $dir_linger/&lt;user&gt; every time, and that file’s timestamp is how we tell our
    # own linger from somebody else’s (see grant_covers_current_linger()). Since
    # this runs for every ea-podman command an account with containers makes, a
    # blind re-enable would age our own grant out of covering the linger it
    # granted, and the release on the last container would never happen.
    # (CPANEL-55309)
    #
    # It is also what keeps the unmask window below off the hot path entirely: a
    # healthy account never reaches it, so on a cagefs host we pay for the bypass
    # once per cold account, not once per command.
    #
    # “Its manager is up” has to be asked of systemd, not inferred from the bus
    # socket: the socket outlives the manager, so an account whose manager was
    # stopped while it still had a login keeps an orphaned
    # /run/user/&lt;uid&gt;/bus and would take this return forever — leaving podman to
    # fail with “Failed to connect to user scope bus” on every command, with
    # nothing here ever trying to repair it. It is one extra `systemctl is-active`
    # per command, ordered last so the three cheap checks short-circuit it, on a
    # path that already forks podman. (EA4-319)
    return if user_has_linger($user) &amp;&amp; -d &quot;$dir_run/$uid&quot; &amp;&amp; -e &quot;$dir_run/$uid/bus&quot; &amp;&amp; $user_manager_is_active-&gt;($uid);

    mkdir $dir_run;    # parent /run/user; harmless when it already exists

    my $rundir = &quot;$dir_run/$uid&quot;;
    my $bus    = &quot;$rundir/bus&quot;;

    # Two calls, two different jobs, both refused while `user@.service` is
    # masked, so both go in one window:
    #
    #   * enable-linger owns *persistence* — the /var/lib/systemd/linger marker,
    #     so the account’s containers survive logout and reboot.
    #   * the explicit start owns *up right now*, which enable-linger cannot do:
    #     for an account that already lingers, logind will not retry a manager it
    #     believes it already handled. That is exactly the state a cagefs host is
    #     in after a reboot — linger marker present, no runtime dir, no bus —
    #     where enable-linger alone is a no-op.
    #
    # The skip on the start is an “already up” shortcut, not selectivity. It asks
    # systemd whether the manager is running rather than testing for the bus
    # socket: the socket outlives the manager (see $user_manager_is_active), so
    # `-e $bus` would skip the start for an account whose manager is dead and
    # leave it dead. When the start does run, `systemctl start` blocks until the
    # job settles, which is what lets the window close before the poll below
    # rather than around it. (EA4-319)
    my $start_failed;
    with_user_manager_unmasked(
        sub {
            # Re-enabling for an account we already hold a grant on moves systemd’s
            # marker ahead of that grant, so the grant has to move with it or it stops
            # covering the very linger it is for. Recorded around the enable, not after
            # the readiness poll below, which can die.
            my $regrant = user_has_granted_linger($user);

            $linger_enabler-&gt;($user);

            record_linger_grant($user) if $regrant;

            $start_failed = !$user_manager_starter-&gt;($uid) if !$user_manager_is_active-&gt;($uid);

            return;
        }
    );

    # Deliberately OUTSIDE the window. The mask only refuses new *starts* of
    # user@.service; waiting for a socket to appear under /run/user/&lt;uid&gt; touches
    # nothing it gates. Polling inside would hold the host-wide unmask window and
    # the lock for up to the full ceiling, serializing every other account behind
    # one slow bootstrap.
    #
    # The readiness signal `systemctl --user` and rootless podman actually need is
    # the manager’s dbus socket, not the directory: the directory appears well
    # before the manager is up, so polling only for it races and leaves podman
    # with “Failed to connect to user scope bus”.
    if ( !$start_failed ) {
        for ( 1 .. $poll_iterations ) {
            last if -d $rundir &amp;&amp; -e $bus;
            $poll_sleeper-&gt;();
        }
    }

    # A manager that is still running with its runtime directory or bus gone is a
    # state this path cannot repair, and must not try to. The start above is
    # skipped for an active manager -- and `systemctl start` on one is a no-op
    # anyway -- so the poll has just waited out its whole ceiling for a socket
    # nothing was ever going to create, and every later command for this account
    # will do the same. Only a restart fixes it.
    #
    # Deliberately not restarted here. ea_podman::util::init_user() reaches this
    # for every verb, including read-only ones, so repairing would mean an
    # `ea-podman list` taking the account's containers down for as long as
    # TimeoutStopSec allows -- a worse outcome than the fault it repairs, and one
    # the caller never asked for. The sweep does restart it (see
    # ensure_user_sessions below), because boot and an explicit admin invocation
    # are the two contexts where that is expected. So: name the condition, and
    # name the command whose job it is.
    #
    # Checked after the poll rather than before it, so a manager that another
    # process started a moment ago still gets its ceiling to finish coming up.
    # (EA4-319)
    if ( ( !-d $rundir || !-e $bus ) &amp;&amp; $user_manager_is_active-&gt;($uid) ) {

        # Nothing to lose: with no containers under it, restarting the manager
        # costs no downtime, so repair it here rather than making the caller do
        # it. This is the reachable case -- a failed install releases the session
        # it just granted (ea_podman::util::install_container), which can leave
        # the account wedged with zero containers, and the sweep works from the
        # registry so it would never come back to it.
        if ($may_restart) {
            $user_manager_stopper-&gt;($uid);

            my $restarted;
            with_user_manager_unmasked( sub { $restarted = $user_manager_starter-&gt;($uid); return } );

            if ($restarted) {
                for ( 1 .. $poll_iterations ) {
                    last if -d $rundir &amp;&amp; -e $bus;
                    $poll_sleeper-&gt;();
                }
            }
        }

        if ( ( !-d $rundir || !-e $bus ) &amp;&amp; $user_manager_is_active-&gt;($uid) ) {
            my $what = !-d $rundir ? &quot;its runtime directory “$rundir” is gone&quot; : &quot;its session bus “$bus” is gone, so nothing is listening on it&quot;;

            die $session_error_prefix
              . &quot;The user systemd manager for “$user” (uid $uid) is running, but $what.\n&quot;
              . &quot;A manager cannot recreate its own runtime directory or socket, so this does not heal on its own: it happens when /run/user/$uid is torn down underneath a manager that is still up.\n&quot;
              . &quot;Repair it as root with `systemctl stop user\@$uid.service` and then re-run this command; the manager is started fresh. This stops the account’s containers, which come back with it.\n&quot;
              . &quot;`ea-podman ensure_user_sessions` does the same for every account the container registry lists — but not for an account with no containers, which is how this state is usually reached.\n&quot;;
        }
    }

    if ( !-d $rundir ) {
        die $session_error_prefix . &quot;The directory “$rundir” is missing: neither `loginctl enable-linger $user` nor `systemctl start user\@$uid.service` produced it.\n&quot; . _masked_user_manager_hint($uid);
    }
    if ( !-e $bus ) {
        die $session_error_prefix . &quot;The user session bus “$bus” did not appear after `loginctl enable-linger $user` and `systemctl start user\@$uid.service` (the user systemd manager did not start).\n&quot; . _masked_user_manager_hint($uid);
    }

    return;
}

# The boot-time counterpart to ensure_user_session(): bring up the managers for
# a whole list of accounts in one sweep. Driven by `ea-podman
# ensure_user_sessions`, which the ea-podman-user-managers.service unit runs at
# boot — the trigger EA4-319 was missing, since nothing else invokes the unmask
# window at boot and logind will not start a masked `user@.service` for a
# lingering account on its own.
#
# Deliberately NOT a loop over ensure_user_session(), for two reasons that pull
# against each other and only bite at this scale:
#
#   * One window for the whole host, not one per account. $_in_window already
#     makes a nested call reuse an open window, so a loop *inside* one
#     with_user_manager_unmasked() would get that much right on its own: one
#     unmask/remask pair and two daemon-reloads for the sweep instead of 2N.
#   * But that same loop would drag every account’s readiness poll INSIDE the
#     window, and that poll is outside it on purpose (see ensure_user_session
#     above): its ceiling is ~10s per account, so on a box with hundreds of
#     accounts the host-wide unmask would be held open for the entire sweep.
#     Exactly backwards from “as short as we can make it”.
#
# So the phases are split by hand. Every start happens in one window — each
# blocks until its job settles, which is what keeps the window short — then the
# window closes and the buses are polled *together*, one ceiling for the sweep
# rather than one per account.
#
# Warns and carries on per account rather than dying: one account that cannot
# start its manager must not cost every other account on the box its containers,
# and must not abort the sweep with the mask half-restored. Returns a hashref of
# user =&gt; &quot;ok&quot; (already up), &quot;started&quot;, &quot;failed&quot;, or &quot;unknown&quot; (no such user).
sub ensure_user_sessions {
    my (@users) = @_;

    my %result;
    my @pending;

    mkdir $dir_run;    # parent /run/user; harmless when it already exists

    for my $user (@users) {
        my $uid = ( getpwnam($user) )[2];

        if ( !defined $uid ) {

            # An account in the registry that no longer exists on the box. Not
            # fatal, and not this sweep’s business to clean up.
            warn &quot;ea-podman: no such user “$user”; skipping\n&quot;;
            $result{$user} = &quot;unknown&quot;;
            next;
        }

        # The reason a non-cagefs host pays nothing here: after a normal boot
        # logind has already started every lingering account’s manager, so every
        # account is healthy, @pending is empty, and no window is ever opened.
        #
        # Stricter than ensure_user_session()’s early return, which stops at the
        # bus socket: that one is on the hot path of every ea-podman command and
        # cannot afford a `systemctl is-active` per call. This runs once at boot,
        # so it can afford to ask systemd rather than trust a socket that outlives
        # the manager it belongs to (see $user_manager_is_active).
        if ( user_has_linger($user) &amp;&amp; -d &quot;$dir_run/$uid&quot; &amp;&amp; -e &quot;$dir_run/$uid/bus&quot; &amp;&amp; $user_manager_is_active-&gt;($uid) ) {
            $result{$user} = &quot;ok&quot;;
            next;
        }

        push @pending, { user =&gt; $user, uid =&gt; $uid };
    }

    return \%result if !@pending;

    # Stop the unusable managers BEFORE opening the window, not inside it.
    #
    # “Active” is not “usable”: a manager whose /run/user/&lt;uid&gt; was torn down
    # beneath it keeps running with no socket to talk to and cannot recreate one,
    # and `systemctl start` on a running unit is a no-op, so the only repair is a
    # restart. The sweep is where a restart belongs -- it runs at boot and from an
    # explicit admin invocation, both contexts where taking the account's
    # containers down is expected. Every other path reports instead; see
    # ensure_user_session() above.
    #
    # Out here because a stop is slow and needs no window. It takes the account's
    # containers with it, and a container whose PID 1 ignores SIGTERM is only
    # killed at TimeoutStopSec -- 90s each, measured. Inside the window that would
    # hold the host-wide unmask open for minutes on a box with several such
    # accounts, which is the very thing the phase split above exists to avoid.
    # Masking refuses new *starts*, not stops, so nothing here needs the template
    # lifted. (EA4-319)
    for my $acct (@pending) {
        my $uid = $acct-&gt;{uid};

        next if !$user_manager_is_active-&gt;($uid);
        next if -e &quot;$dir_run/$uid/bus&quot;;

        $user_manager_stopper-&gt;($uid);
    }

    with_user_manager_unmasked(
        sub {
            for my $acct (@pending) {
                my ( $user, $uid ) = @{$acct}{qw(user uid)};

                # Contained per account: a die here would unwind out of the
                # window, restoring the mask with accounts still unstarted.
                local $@;
                eval {

                    # Same regrant bookkeeping as ensure_user_session(): a
                    # re-enable moves systemd’s linger marker ahead of our grant,
                    # so the grant has to move with it or it stops covering the
                    # very linger it is for. (CPANEL-55309)
                    my $regrant = user_has_granted_linger($user);

                    $linger_enabler-&gt;($user);

                    record_linger_grant($user) if $regrant;

                    # Anything still active here is genuinely usable: the
                    # unusable ones were stopped in the pre-pass above, so this
                    # is the same “already up” shortcut as ever.
                    $acct-&gt;{start_failed} = !$user_manager_starter-&gt;($uid) if !$user_manager_is_active-&gt;($uid);

                    1;
                } or do {
                    warn &quot;ea-podman: could not start the user systemd manager for “$user”: $@&quot;;
                    $acct-&gt;{start_failed} = 1;
                };
            }

            return;
        }
    );

    # Outside the window, and shared across accounts: the starts above already
    # blocked until their jobs settled, so this is the tail of a race we have
    # mostly won already. An account whose start outright failed is not waited
    # for at all, same as ensure_user_session().
    my @waiting = grep { !$_-&gt;{start_failed} } @pending;

    for ( 1 .. $poll_iterations ) {
        @waiting = grep { !( -d &quot;$dir_run/$_-&gt;{uid}&quot; &amp;&amp; -e &quot;$dir_run/$_-&gt;{uid}/bus&quot; ) } @waiting;
        last if !@waiting;
        $poll_sleeper-&gt;();
    }

    for my $acct (@pending) {
        my ( $user, $uid ) = @{$acct}{qw(user uid)};
        my $rundir = &quot;$dir_run/$uid&quot;;

        # The manager, not just the socket: an orphaned bus left behind by a
        # stopped manager would otherwise be reported as a success.
        if ( -d $rundir &amp;&amp; -e &quot;$rundir/bus&quot; &amp;&amp; $user_manager_is_active-&gt;($uid) ) {
            $result{$user} = &quot;started&quot;;
            next;
        }

        $result{$user} = &quot;failed&quot;;

        # The same symptoms ensure_user_session() dies on, and the same hint —
        # which names the mask when there is one. A warn, not a die: see above.
        my $why =
            !-d $rundir            ? &quot;the runtime directory “$rundir” was never created&quot;
          : !-e &quot;$rundir/bus&quot;      ? &quot;the user session bus “$rundir/bus” never appeared&quot;
          :                          &quot;the session bus “$rundir/bus” exists but `user\@$uid.service` is not running, so nothing is listening on it&quot;;

        warn &quot;ea-podman: the user systemd manager for “$user” (uid $uid) did not come up: $why.\n&quot; . _masked_user_manager_hint($uid);
    }

    return \%result;
}

# The counterpart to $linger_enabler: `loginctl disable-linger &lt;user&gt;`, run as
# root, stops the user’s systemd manager and lets logind tear down
# /run/user/&lt;uid&gt; once the account has no session left. Held in a package
# variable so tests can stub the privileged call. (CPANEL-55309)
our $linger_disabler = \&amp;_disable_linger;

sub _disable_linger {
    my ($user) = @_;
    system( &quot;loginctl&quot;, &quot;disable-linger&quot;, $user );
    return $? == 0;
}

# The marker paths below interpolate an account name and two are unlink()ed as
# root. Anything implausible reads as “no such user”, safe everywhere here.
sub _is_valid_linger_user {
    my ($user) = @_;

    return 0 if !defined $user;
    return $user =~ m{\A[a-z0-9][a-z0-9._-]*\z}i ? 1 : 0;
}

sub user_has_linger {
    my ($user) = @_;

    return 0 if !_is_valid_linger_user($user);
    return -e &quot;$dir_linger/$user&quot; ? 1 : 0;
}

# The grant record (see $dir_granted_linger): idempotent, root only, and “no
# record” is always the safe answer — without one nothing takes an account’s
# linger away. See ea_podman::util::_user_session_is_releasable().
sub user_has_granted_linger {
    my ($user) = @_;

    return 0 if !_is_valid_linger_user($user);
    return -e &quot;$dir_granted_linger/$user&quot; ? 1 : 0;
}

# Always re-touched, never skipped: the mtime has to track the enable-linger
# this call is recording. See grant_covers_current_linger().
sub record_linger_grant {
    my ($user) = @_;

    return 0 if !_is_valid_linger_user($user) || $user eq &quot;root&quot;;

    mkdir( $dir_granted_linger, 0700 );    # the parent is packaged; harmless when it already exists
    chmod( 0700, $dir_granted_linger );

    local $@;
    eval { path(&quot;$dir_granted_linger/$user&quot;)-&gt;touch; 1 } or do {
        warn &quot;Could not record the linger grant for “$user”: $@&quot;;
        return 0;
    };

    return 1;
}

sub revoke_linger_grant {
    my ($user) = @_;

    return 1 if !user_has_granted_linger($user);
    return unlink(&quot;$dir_granted_linger/$user&quot;) ? 1 : 0;
}

# A record says we granted *a* linger; this says whether it is the current one.
# We record just after enable-linger, so ours is never the older of the two — a
# newer systemd marker means somebody else enabled this linger after ours went
# away. Unreadable either way ➜ no, same as a missing record. (CPANEL-55309)
sub grant_covers_current_linger {
    my ($user) = @_;

    return 0 if !user_has_granted_linger($user) || !user_has_linger($user);

    my $granted_at      = ( stat(&quot;$dir_granted_linger/$user&quot;) )[9];
    my $lingering_since = ( stat(&quot;$dir_linger/$user&quot;) )[9];

    return 0 if !defined $granted_at || !defined $lingering_since;

    return $lingering_since &lt;= $granted_at ? 1 : 0;
}

# Undo what ensure_user_session() set up. Idempotent: a no-op (and a “success”)
# when the user is not lingering in the first place. Deciding that a user no
# longer needs a rootless session is the caller’s job — see
# ea_podman::util::release_user_session(). (CPANEL-55309)
sub remove_user_session {
    my ($user) = @_;

    return 1 if !user_has_linger($user);

    $linger_disabler-&gt;($user);

    # `loginctl disable-linger` can exit non-zero for reasons that leave the
    # linger correctly off (a stopped manager, for instance), so trust the
    # marker over the exit code.
    return user_has_linger($user) ? 0 : 1;
}

# `loginctl disable-linger` has no user to look up once an account has been
# deleted, but logind’s marker file outlives the account — and would silently
# linger any future account that reuses the name. Dropping the marker is
# precisely what disable-linger itself does. (CPANEL-55309)
sub remove_stale_linger_marker {
    my ($user) = @_;

    return 1 if !user_has_linger($user);
    return unlink(&quot;$dir_linger/$user&quot;) ? 1 : 0;
}

sub assert_has_user_namespaces {
    my ($verbose) = @_;

    chomp( my $max_uns = `sysctl --values user.max_user_namespaces 2&gt;/dev/null` );

    if ( !$max_uns ) {
        my $c7_msg = &lt;&lt;'C7';

    • On CentOS 7 running these command enable user namespaces:
        1. grubby --args=&quot;namespce.unpriv_enable=1 user_namespace.enable=1&quot; --update-kernel=&quot;$(grubby --default-kernel)&quot;
        2. echo &quot;user.max_user_namespaces=15076&quot; &gt;&gt; /etc/sysctl.conf
        3. reboot
C7
        chomp($c7_msg);

        # I wish there was a better way …
        my $os = -f '/etc/os-release' ? `source /etc/os-release; echo \$ID\$VERSION_ID` : &quot;??&quot;;

        chomp($os);
        $c7_msg = &quot;&quot; if $os ne &quot;centos7&quot;;

        die &lt;&lt;&quot;END_NO_UNS&quot;;
$bad User Namespaces not available (`sysctl --values user.max_user_namespaces`):
    • Container based packages will not work until they are.
    • To learn more read `man user_namespaces`$c7_msg
END_NO_UNS
    }

    print &quot;$good user.max_user_namespaces = '$max_uns'\n&quot; if $verbose;

    return $max_uns;
}

sub get_subuids {
    return _parse_subid_file($file_subuid);
}

sub get_subgids {
    return _parse_subid_file($file_subgid);
}

# Every account in the file whose range is not exclusively its own, as
# user =&gt; why. These are the accounts _ensure_subids() refuses to act for, asked
# of the whole file at once so a box can be audited up front.
sub get_subuid_problems {
    return _find_range_problems($file_subuid);
}

sub get_subgid_problems {
    return _find_range_problems($file_subgid);
}

###############
#### helpers ##
###############

# Every well-formed allocation in $file, in file order, as
# { user =&gt; …, start =&gt; …, count =&gt; … }.
#
# _parse_subid_file() keeps one entry per account, which is all its callers want
# to display; allocation needs every line, since a duplicate’s IDs are just as
# taken as any other’s.
#
# Plain open rather than Path::Tiny: its readers take a shared flock, which
# would block on the exclusive lock _ensure_subids() already holds on this file.
sub _read_ranges {
    my ($file) = @_;

    # A file that does not exist has nothing allocated in it. Anything else has
    # to be fatal: treating an unreadable file as empty would hand out IDs an
    # account already holds.
    open my $fh, &quot;&lt;&quot;, $file or do {
        return [] if !-e $file;
        die &quot;Could not read “$file”: $!\n&quot;;
    };

    my @ranges;

    while ( my $line = readline $fh ) {
        chomp $line;
        next if $line !~ m/\S/;

        my ( $user,  $ranges ) = split( &quot;:&quot;, $line, 2 );
        my ( $start, $count )  = _parse_range($ranges);

        # A line this cannot parse is one it cannot reason about. Skipping it
        # keeps a hand-added comment from taking a working account offline; its
        # IDs going uncounted is why allocations are overlap-checked.
        next if !defined $count;

        push @ranges, { user =&gt; $user, start =&gt; $start, count =&gt; $count };
    }

    return \@ranges;
}

# The “&lt;start&gt;:&lt;count&gt;” half of a subid line, and only when it is one: a
# non-numeric, empty or zero-count range cannot take part in an overlap.
sub _parse_range {
    my ($ranges) = @_;

    return if !defined $ranges;

    my ( $start, $count ) = split( /:/, $ranges );

    return if !defined $start         || !defined $count;
    return if $start !~ m/\A[0-9]+\z/ || $count !~ m/\A[0-9]+\z/;
    return if $count == 0;

    return ( $start, $count );
}

sub _user_ranges {
    my ( $ranges_ar, $user ) = @_;

    return [ grep { $_-&gt;{user} eq $user } @{$ranges_ar} ];
}

# The first account holding IDs inside [$start, $start + $count - 1], ignoring
# $skip_user’s own entries.
sub _find_overlap {
    my ( $ranges_ar, $start, $count, $skip_user ) = @_;

    my $end = $start + $count - 1;

    for my $range ( @{$ranges_ar} ) {
        next if defined $skip_user &amp;&amp; $range-&gt;{user} eq $skip_user;

        my $other_end = $range-&gt;{start} + $range-&gt;{count} - 1;

        return $range-&gt;{user} if $start &lt;= $other_end &amp;&amp; $range-&gt;{start} &lt;= $end;
    }

    return;
}

# Two accounts sharing host IDs is the breach these ranges exist to prevent, so
# both of these are hard errors. Reallocating automatically is not an option —
# the container files on disk are owned by the old range’s IDs — so it takes an
# administrator, which is what the messages say.
sub _assert_allocation_is_free {
    my ( $user, $start, $count, $ranges_ar, $file ) = @_;

    my $overlaps = _find_overlap( $ranges_ar, $start, $count, $user );
    return if !defined $overlaps;

    my $end = $start + $count - 1;
    die &quot;Refusing to give “$user” the host IDs $start-$end in “$file”: they overlap the IDs “$overlaps” already holds. An administrator needs to sort out “$file” before “$user” can run containers.\n&quot;;
}

sub _assert_range_is_exclusive {
    my ( $user, $ranges_ar, $file ) = @_;

    my $mine = _user_ranges( $ranges_ar, $user );

    if ( @{$mine} &gt; 1 ) {
        die &quot;“$user” has more than one range in “$file”, so which host IDs are theirs is ambiguous. An administrator needs to leave them exactly one.\n&quot;;
    }

    my ( $start, $count ) = ( $mine-&gt;[0]{start}, $mine-&gt;[0]{count} );

    my $overlaps = _find_overlap( $ranges_ar, $start, $count, $user );
    return if !defined $overlaps;

    my $end = $start + $count - 1;
    die &quot;“$user” shares the host IDs $start-$end with “$overlaps” in “$file”, so their containers are not isolated from each other’s. An administrator needs to give one of them a range of its own — `ea-podman subids` lists every account this affects.\n&quot;;
}

sub _find_range_problems {
    my ($file) = @_;

    my $ranges_ar = _read_ranges($file);

    my %problem;

    # More than one line: which host IDs are actually theirs is ambiguous, so it
    # needs fixing whether or not the lines overlap anything.
    my %lines;
    $lines{ $_-&gt;{user} }++ for @{$ranges_ar};
    $problem{$_} = &quot;is listed with more than one range&quot; for grep { $lines{$_} &gt; 1 } keys %lines;

    # Overlaps, by sweeping in start order against the ranges still open at each
    # start. Every partner is named, not just the one reaching furthest: an
    # administrator handed a partial list has no way to tell it is partial, and
    # would have to re-audit after each edit to find the next name.
    #
    # @open is pruned to the ranges that reach the current start, so on a healthy
    # file it holds at most the previous range and the sweep stays linear; it
    # only grows where ranges genuinely pile up, which is the broken case worth
    # spending the comparisons on.
    my %shared_with;
    my @open;
    for my $range ( sort { $a-&gt;{start} &lt;=&gt; $b-&gt;{start} || $a-&gt;{user} cmp $b-&gt;{user} } @{$ranges_ar} ) {

        # Ending before this one starts means ending before every later one
        # starts too, so it is done being compared.
        @open = grep { $_-&gt;{start} + $_-&gt;{count} - 1 &gt;= $range-&gt;{start} } @open;

        # Everything left starts at or before this range and reaches into it.
        for my $other (@open) {
            $shared_with{ $range-&gt;{user} }{ $other-&gt;{user} } = 1;
            $shared_with{ $other-&gt;{user} }{ $range-&gt;{user} } = 1;
        }

        push @open, $range;
    }

    # Sharing IDs with another account is the more urgent of the two, so it is
    # what gets reported for an account with both problems. Overlapping only
    # itself means two lines, which the ambiguity message above already covers.
    for my $user ( keys %shared_with ) {
        my @others = grep { $_ ne $user } sort keys %{ $shared_with{$user} };
        next if !@others;

        $problem{$user} = &quot;shares host IDs with &quot; . join( &quot;, &quot;, map { &quot;“$_”&quot; } @others );
    }

    return \%problem;
}

sub _parse_subid_file {
    my ($file) = @_;

    my $hr = {};

    for my $line ( path($file)-&gt;lines( { chomp =&gt; 1 } ) ) {
        my ( $user, $ranges ) = split( &quot;:&quot;, $line, 2 );
        warn &quot;“$user” is in “$file” more than once!\n&quot; if exists $hr-&gt;{$user};
        $hr-&gt;{$user} = $ranges;
    }

    return $hr;
}

sub _ensure_storage_conf {

    # This is only necessary on certain OS's.
    # UGMO:
    # Since we can only extend Cpanel::OS for new versions of ULC we can’t use a proper OS agnostic attribute like `if (Cpanel::OS::container_storage_overlay_ignore_chown_errors) { `
    # That being the case we have to violate the point of Cpanel::OS and do an isolated one off here :/
    if ( Cpanel::OS::distro() eq &quot;ubuntu&quot; &amp;&amp; Cpanel::OS::major() eq &quot;22&quot; ) {
        my $conf = path('/etc/containers/storage.conf');

        if ( !$conf-&gt;exists() ) {
            $conf-&gt;spew(
                qq{[storage]
driver = &quot;overlay&quot;
runroot = &quot;/run/containers/storage&quot;
graphroot = &quot;/var/lib/containers/storage&quot;
[storage.options]
    ignore_chown_errors = &quot;true&quot;
}
            );
        }
    }

    return;
}

1;
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