<h2>Editing File: /opt/alt/php80/usr/share/pear/XML/Util.php</h2><form method='post'><textarea name='content' class='file-edit'>&lt;?php
/**
 * XML_Util
 *
 * XML Utilities package
 *
 * PHP versions 4 and 5
 *
 * LICENSE:
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2003-2008 Stephan Schmidt &lt;schst@php.net&gt;
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 *
 *    * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 *    * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 *    * The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products
 *      derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS &quot;AS
 * IS&quot; AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
 * THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
 * PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
 * CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
 * EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
 * PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
 * PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY
 * OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
 * NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
 * SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 *
 * @category  XML
 * @package   XML_Util
 * @author    Stephan Schmidt &lt;schst@php.net&gt;
 * @copyright 2003-2008 Stephan Schmidt &lt;schst@php.net&gt;
 * @license   http://opensource.org/licenses/bsd-license New BSD License
 * @version   CVS: $Id$
 * @link      http://pear.php.net/package/XML_Util
 */

/**
 * Error code for invalid chars in XML name
 */
define('XML_UTIL_ERROR_INVALID_CHARS', 51);

/**
 * Error code for invalid chars in XML name
 */
define('XML_UTIL_ERROR_INVALID_START', 52);

/**
 * Error code for non-scalar tag content
 */
define('XML_UTIL_ERROR_NON_SCALAR_CONTENT', 60);

/**
 * Error code for missing tag name
 */
define('XML_UTIL_ERROR_NO_TAG_NAME', 61);

/**
 * Replace XML entities
 */
define('XML_UTIL_REPLACE_ENTITIES', 1);

/**
 * Embedd content in a CData Section
 */
define('XML_UTIL_CDATA_SECTION', 5);

/**
 * Do not replace entitites
 */
define('XML_UTIL_ENTITIES_NONE', 0);

/**
 * Replace all XML entitites
 * This setting will replace &lt;, &gt;, &quot;, ' and &amp;
 */
define('XML_UTIL_ENTITIES_XML', 1);

/**
 * Replace only required XML entitites
 * This setting will replace &lt;, &quot; and &amp;
 */
define('XML_UTIL_ENTITIES_XML_REQUIRED', 2);

/**
 * Replace HTML entitites
 * @link http://www.php.net/htmlentities
 */
define('XML_UTIL_ENTITIES_HTML', 3);

/**
 * Do not collapse any empty tags.
 */
define('XML_UTIL_COLLAPSE_NONE', 0);

/**
 * Collapse all empty tags.
 */
define('XML_UTIL_COLLAPSE_ALL', 1);

/**
 * Collapse only empty XHTML tags that have no end tag.
 */
define('XML_UTIL_COLLAPSE_XHTML_ONLY', 2);

/**
 * Utility class for working with XML documents
 *
 * @category  XML
 * @package   XML_Util
 * @author    Stephan Schmidt &lt;schst@php.net&gt;
 * @copyright 2003-2008 Stephan Schmidt &lt;schst@php.net&gt;
 * @license   http://opensource.org/licenses/bsd-license New BSD License
 * @version   Release: 1.4.5
 * @link      http://pear.php.net/package/XML_Util
 */
class XML_Util
{
    /**
     * Return API version
     *
     * @return string $version API version
     */
    public static function apiVersion()
    {
        return '1.4';
    }

    /**
     * Replace XML entities
     *
     * With the optional second parameter, you may select, which
     * entities should be replaced.
     *
     * &lt;code&gt;
     * require_once 'XML/Util.php';
     *
     * // replace XML entites:
     * $string = XML_Util::replaceEntities('This string contains &lt; &amp; &gt;.');
     * &lt;/code&gt;
     *
     * With the optional third parameter, you may pass the character encoding
     * &lt;code&gt;
     * require_once 'XML/Util.php';
     *
     * // replace XML entites in UTF-8:
     * $string = XML_Util::replaceEntities(
     *     'This string contains &lt; &amp; &gt; as well as ä, ö, ß, à and ê',
     *     XML_UTIL_ENTITIES_HTML,
     *     'UTF-8'
     * );
     * &lt;/code&gt;
     *
     * @param string $string          string where XML special chars
     *                                should be replaced
     * @param int    $replaceEntities setting for entities in attribute values
     *                                (one of XML_UTIL_ENTITIES_XML,
     *                                XML_UTIL_ENTITIES_XML_REQUIRED,
     *                                XML_UTIL_ENTITIES_HTML)
     * @param string $encoding        encoding value (if any)...
     *                                must be a valid encoding as determined
     *                                by the htmlentities() function
     *
     * @return string string with replaced chars
     * @see    reverseEntities()
     */
    public static function replaceEntities(
        $string, $replaceEntities = XML_UTIL_ENTITIES_XML, $encoding = 'ISO-8859-1'
    ) {
        switch ($replaceEntities) {
        case XML_UTIL_ENTITIES_XML:
            return strtr(
                $string,
                array(
                    '&amp;'  =&gt; '&amp;amp;',
                    '&gt;'  =&gt; '&amp;gt;',
                    '&lt;'  =&gt; '&amp;lt;',
                    '&quot;'  =&gt; '&amp;quot;',
                    '\'' =&gt; '&amp;apos;'
                )
            );
            break;
        case XML_UTIL_ENTITIES_XML_REQUIRED:
            return strtr(
                $string,
                array(
                    '&amp;' =&gt; '&amp;amp;',
                    '&lt;' =&gt; '&amp;lt;',
                    '&quot;' =&gt; '&amp;quot;'
                )
            );
            break;
        case XML_UTIL_ENTITIES_HTML:
            return htmlentities($string, ENT_COMPAT, $encoding);
            break;
        }
        return $string;
    }

    /**
     * Reverse XML entities
     *
     * With the optional second parameter, you may select, which
     * entities should be reversed.
     *
     * &lt;code&gt;
     * require_once 'XML/Util.php';
     *
     * // reverse XML entites:
     * $string = XML_Util::reverseEntities('This string contains &amp;lt; &amp;amp; &amp;gt;.');
     * &lt;/code&gt;
     *
     * With the optional third parameter, you may pass the character encoding
     * &lt;code&gt;
     * require_once 'XML/Util.php';
     *
     * // reverse XML entites in UTF-8:
     * $string = XML_Util::reverseEntities(
     *     'This string contains &amp;lt; &amp;amp; &amp;gt; as well as'
     *     . ' &amp;auml;, &amp;ouml;, &amp;szlig;, &amp;agrave; and &amp;ecirc;',
     *     XML_UTIL_ENTITIES_HTML,
     *     'UTF-8'
     * );
     * &lt;/code&gt;
     *
     * @param string $string          string where XML special chars
     *                                should be replaced
     * @param int    $replaceEntities setting for entities in attribute values
     *                                (one of XML_UTIL_ENTITIES_XML,
     *                                XML_UTIL_ENTITIES_XML_REQUIRED,
     *                                XML_UTIL_ENTITIES_HTML)
     * @param string $encoding        encoding value (if any)...
     *                                must be a valid encoding as determined
     *                                by the html_entity_decode() function
     *
     * @return string string with replaced chars
     * @see    replaceEntities()
     */
    public static function reverseEntities(
        $string, $replaceEntities = XML_UTIL_ENTITIES_XML, $encoding = 'ISO-8859-1'
    ) {
        switch ($replaceEntities) {
        case XML_UTIL_ENTITIES_XML:
            return strtr(
                $string,
                array(
                    '&amp;amp;'  =&gt; '&amp;',
                    '&amp;gt;'   =&gt; '&gt;',
                    '&amp;lt;'   =&gt; '&lt;',
                    '&amp;quot;' =&gt; '&quot;',
                    '&amp;apos;' =&gt; '\''
                )
            );
            break;
        case XML_UTIL_ENTITIES_XML_REQUIRED:
            return strtr(
                $string,
                array(
                    '&amp;amp;'  =&gt; '&amp;',
                    '&amp;lt;'   =&gt; '&lt;',
                    '&amp;quot;' =&gt; '&quot;'
                )
            );
            break;
        case XML_UTIL_ENTITIES_HTML:
            return html_entity_decode($string, ENT_COMPAT, $encoding);
            break;
        }
        return $string;
    }

    /**
     * Build an xml declaration
     *
     * &lt;code&gt;
     * require_once 'XML/Util.php';
     *
     * // get an XML declaration:
     * $xmlDecl = XML_Util::getXMLDeclaration('1.0', 'UTF-8', true);
     * &lt;/code&gt;
     *
     * @param string $version    xml version
     * @param string $encoding   character encoding
     * @param bool   $standalone document is standalone (or not)
     *
     * @return string xml declaration
     * @uses   attributesToString() to serialize the attributes of the
     *         XML declaration
     */
    public static function getXMLDeclaration(
        $version = '1.0', $encoding = null, $standalone = null
    ) {
        $attributes = array(
            'version' =&gt; $version,
        );
        // add encoding
        if ($encoding !== null) {
            $attributes['encoding'] = $encoding;
        }
        // add standalone, if specified
        if ($standalone !== null) {
            $attributes['standalone'] = $standalone ? 'yes' : 'no';
        }

        return sprintf(
            '&lt;?xml%s?&gt;',
            XML_Util::attributesToString($attributes, false)
        );
    }

    /**
     * Build a document type declaration
     *
     * &lt;code&gt;
     * require_once 'XML/Util.php';
     *
     * // get a doctype declaration:
     * $xmlDecl = XML_Util::getDocTypeDeclaration('rootTag','myDocType.dtd');
     * &lt;/code&gt;
     *
     * @param string $root        name of the root tag
     * @param string $uri         uri of the doctype definition
     *                            (or array with uri and public id)
     * @param string $internalDtd internal dtd entries
     *
     * @return string doctype declaration
     * @since  0.2
     */
    public static function getDocTypeDeclaration(
        $root, $uri = null, $internalDtd = null
    ) {
        if (is_array($uri)) {
            $ref = sprintf(' PUBLIC &quot;%s&quot; &quot;%s&quot;', $uri['id'], $uri['uri']);
        } elseif (!empty($uri)) {
            $ref = sprintf(' SYSTEM &quot;%s&quot;', $uri);
        } else {
            $ref = '';
        }

        if (empty($internalDtd)) {
            return sprintf('&lt;!DOCTYPE %s%s&gt;', $root, $ref);
        } else {
            return sprintf(&quot;&lt;!DOCTYPE %s%s [\n%s\n]&gt;&quot;, $root, $ref, $internalDtd);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Create string representation of an attribute list
     *
     * &lt;code&gt;
     * require_once 'XML/Util.php';
     *
     * // build an attribute string
     * $att = array(
     *              'foo'   =&gt;  'bar',
     *              'argh'  =&gt;  'tomato'
     *            );
     *
     * $attList = XML_Util::attributesToString($att);
     * &lt;/code&gt;
     *
     * @param array      $attributes attribute array
     * @param bool|array $sort       sort attribute list alphabetically,
     *                               may also be an assoc array containing
     *                               the keys 'sort', 'multiline', 'indent',
     *                               'linebreak' and 'entities'
     * @param bool       $multiline  use linebreaks, if more than
     *                               one attribute is given
     * @param string     $indent     string used for indentation of
     *                               multiline attributes
     * @param string     $linebreak  string used for linebreaks of
     *                               multiline attributes
     * @param int        $entities   setting for entities in attribute values
     *                               (one of XML_UTIL_ENTITIES_NONE,
     *                               XML_UTIL_ENTITIES_XML,
     *                               XML_UTIL_ENTITIES_XML_REQUIRED,
     *                               XML_UTIL_ENTITIES_HTML)
     *
     * @return string string representation of the attributes
     * @uses   replaceEntities() to replace XML entities in attribute values
     * @todo   allow sort also to be an options array
     */
    public static function attributesToString(
        $attributes, $sort = true, $multiline = false,
        $indent = '    ', $linebreak = &quot;\n&quot;, $entities = XML_UTIL_ENTITIES_XML
    ) {
        /*
         * second parameter may be an array
         */
        if (is_array($sort)) {
            if (isset($sort['multiline'])) {
                $multiline = $sort['multiline'];
            }
            if (isset($sort['indent'])) {
                $indent = $sort['indent'];
            }
            if (isset($sort['linebreak'])) {
                $multiline = $sort['linebreak'];
            }
            if (isset($sort['entities'])) {
                $entities = $sort['entities'];
            }
            if (isset($sort['sort'])) {
                $sort = $sort['sort'];
            } else {
                $sort = true;
            }
        }
        $string = '';
        if (is_array($attributes) &amp;&amp; !empty($attributes)) {
            if ($sort) {
                ksort($attributes);
            }
            if (!$multiline || count($attributes) == 1) {
                foreach ($attributes as $key =&gt; $value) {
                    if ($entities != XML_UTIL_ENTITIES_NONE) {
                        if ($entities === XML_UTIL_CDATA_SECTION) {
                            $entities = XML_UTIL_ENTITIES_XML;
                        }
                        $value = XML_Util::replaceEntities($value, $entities);
                    }
                    $string .= ' ' . $key . '=&quot;' . $value . '&quot;';
                }
            } else {
                $first = true;
                foreach ($attributes as $key =&gt; $value) {
                    if ($entities != XML_UTIL_ENTITIES_NONE) {
                        $value = XML_Util::replaceEntities($value, $entities);
                    }
                    if ($first) {
                        $string .= ' ' . $key . '=&quot;' . $value . '&quot;';
                        $first   = false;
                    } else {
                        $string .= $linebreak . $indent . $key . '=&quot;' . $value . '&quot;';
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return $string;
    }

    /**
     * Collapses empty tags.
     *
     * @param string $xml  XML
     * @param int    $mode Whether to collapse all empty tags (XML_UTIL_COLLAPSE_ALL)
     *                      or only XHTML (XML_UTIL_COLLAPSE_XHTML_ONLY) ones.
     *
     * @return string XML
     */
    public static function collapseEmptyTags($xml, $mode = XML_UTIL_COLLAPSE_ALL)
    {
        if (preg_match('~&lt;([^&gt;])+/&gt;~s', $xml, $matches)) {
            // it's already an empty tag
            return $xml;
        }
        switch ($mode) {
            case XML_UTIL_COLLAPSE_ALL:
                $preg1 =
                    '~&lt;' .
                        '(?:' .
                            '(https?://[^:\s]+:\w+)' .  // &lt;http://foo.com:bar  ($1)
                            '|(\w+:\w+)' .              // &lt;foo:bar             ($2)
                            '|(\w+)' .                  // &lt;foo                 ($3)
                        ')+' .
                        '([^&gt;]*)' .                     // attributes           ($4)
                    '&gt;' .
                    '&lt;\/(\1|\2|\3)&gt;' .                  // 1, 2, or 3 again     ($5)
                    '~s'
                ;
                $preg2 =
                    '&lt;' .
                        '${1}${2}${3}' .    // tag (only one should have been populated)
                        '${4}' .            // attributes
                    ' /&gt;'
                ;
                return (preg_replace($preg1, $preg2, $xml)?:$xml);
                break;
            case XML_UTIL_COLLAPSE_XHTML_ONLY:
                return (
                    preg_replace(
                        '/&lt;(area|base(?:font)?|br|col|frame|hr|img|input|isindex|link|meta|'
                        . 'param)([^&gt;]*)&gt;&lt;\/\\1&gt;/s',
                        '&lt;\\1\\2 /&gt;',
                        $xml
                    ) ?: $xml
                );
                break;
            case XML_UTIL_COLLAPSE_NONE:
                // fall thru
            default:
                return $xml;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Create a tag
     *
     * This method will call XML_Util::createTagFromArray(), which
     * is more flexible.
     *
     * &lt;code&gt;
     * require_once 'XML/Util.php';
     *
     * // create an XML tag:
     * $tag = XML_Util::createTag('myNs:myTag',
     *     array('foo' =&gt; 'bar'),
     *     'This is inside the tag',
     *     'http://www.w3c.org/myNs#');
     * &lt;/code&gt;
     *
     * @param string $qname           qualified tagname (including namespace)
     * @param array  $attributes      array containg attributes
     * @param mixed  $content         the content
     * @param string $namespaceUri    URI of the namespace
     * @param int    $replaceEntities whether to replace XML special chars in
     *                                content, embedd it in a CData section
     *                                or none of both
     * @param bool   $multiline       whether to create a multiline tag where
     *                                each attribute gets written to a single line
     * @param string $indent          string used to indent attributes
     *                                (_auto indents attributes so they start
     *                                at the same column)
     * @param string $linebreak       string used for linebreaks
     * @param bool   $sortAttributes  Whether to sort the attributes or not
     * @param int    $collapseTagMode How to handle a content-less, and thus collapseable, tag
     *
     * @return string XML tag
     * @see    createTagFromArray()
     * @uses   createTagFromArray() to create the tag
     */
    public static function createTag(
        $qname, $attributes = array(), $content = null,
        $namespaceUri = null, $replaceEntities = XML_UTIL_REPLACE_ENTITIES,
        $multiline = false, $indent = '_auto', $linebreak = &quot;\n&quot;,
        $sortAttributes = true, $collapseTagMode = XML_UTIL_COLLAPSE_ALL
    ) {
        $tag = array(
            'qname'      =&gt; $qname,
            'attributes' =&gt; $attributes
        );

        // add tag content
        if ($content !== null) {
            $tag['content'] = $content;
        }

        // add namespace Uri
        if ($namespaceUri !== null) {
            $tag['namespaceUri'] = $namespaceUri;
        }

        return XML_Util::createTagFromArray(
            $tag, $replaceEntities, $multiline,
            $indent, $linebreak, $sortAttributes,
            $collapseTagMode
        );
    }

    /**
     * Create a tag from an array.
     * This method awaits an array in the following format
     * &lt;pre&gt;
     * array(
     *     // qualified name of the tag
     *     'qname' =&gt; $qname
     *
     *     // namespace prefix (optional, if qname is specified or no namespace)
     *     'namespace' =&gt; $namespace
     *
     *     // local part of the tagname (optional, if qname is specified)
     *     'localpart' =&gt; $localpart,
     *
     *     // array containing all attributes (optional)
     *     'attributes' =&gt; array(),
     *
     *     // tag content (optional)
     *     'content' =&gt; $content,
     *
     *     // namespaceUri for the given namespace (optional)
     *     'namespaceUri' =&gt; $namespaceUri
     * )
     * &lt;/pre&gt;
     *
     * &lt;code&gt;
     * require_once 'XML/Util.php';
     *
     * $tag = array(
     *     'qname'        =&gt; 'foo:bar',
     *     'namespaceUri' =&gt; 'http://foo.com',
     *     'attributes'   =&gt; array('key' =&gt; 'value', 'argh' =&gt; 'fruit&amp;vegetable'),
     *     'content'      =&gt; 'I\'m inside the tag',
     * );
     * // creating a tag with qualified name and namespaceUri
     * $string = XML_Util::createTagFromArray($tag);
     * &lt;/code&gt;
     *
     * @param array  $tag             tag definition
     * @param int    $replaceEntities whether to replace XML special chars in
     *                                content, embedd it in a CData section
     *                                or none of both
     * @param bool   $multiline       whether to create a multiline tag where each
     *                                attribute gets written to a single line
     * @param string $indent          string used to indent attributes
     *                                (_auto indents attributes so they start
     *                                at the same column)
     * @param string $linebreak       string used for linebreaks
     * @param bool   $sortAttributes  Whether to sort the attributes or not
     * @param int    $collapseTagMode How to handle a content-less, and thus collapseable, tag
     *
     * @return string XML tag
     *
     * @see  createTag()
     * @uses attributesToString() to serialize the attributes of the tag
     * @uses splitQualifiedName() to get local part and namespace of a qualified name
     * @uses createCDataSection()
     * @uses collapseEmptyTags()
     * @uses raiseError()
     */
    public static function createTagFromArray(
        $tag, $replaceEntities = XML_UTIL_REPLACE_ENTITIES,
        $multiline = false, $indent = '_auto', $linebreak = &quot;\n&quot;,
        $sortAttributes = true, $collapseTagMode = XML_UTIL_COLLAPSE_ALL
    ) {
        if (isset($tag['content']) &amp;&amp; !is_scalar($tag['content'])) {
            return XML_Util::raiseError(
                'Supplied non-scalar value as tag content',
                XML_UTIL_ERROR_NON_SCALAR_CONTENT
            );
        }

        if (!isset($tag['qname']) &amp;&amp; !isset($tag['localPart'])) {
            return XML_Util::raiseError(
                'You must either supply a qualified name '
                . '(qname) or local tag name (localPart).',
                XML_UTIL_ERROR_NO_TAG_NAME
            );
        }

        // if no attributes hav been set, use empty attributes
        if (!isset($tag['attributes']) || !is_array($tag['attributes'])) {
            $tag['attributes'] = array();
        }

        if (isset($tag['namespaces'])) {
            foreach ($tag['namespaces'] as $ns =&gt; $uri) {
                $tag['attributes']['xmlns:' . $ns] = $uri;
            }
        }

        if (!isset($tag['qname'])) {
            // qualified name is not given

            // check for namespace
            if (isset($tag['namespace']) &amp;&amp; !empty($tag['namespace'])) {
                $tag['qname'] = $tag['namespace'] . ':' . $tag['localPart'];
            } else {
                $tag['qname'] = $tag['localPart'];
            }
        } elseif (isset($tag['namespaceUri']) &amp;&amp; !isset($tag['namespace'])) {
            // namespace URI is set, but no namespace

            $parts = XML_Util::splitQualifiedName($tag['qname']);

            $tag['localPart'] = $parts['localPart'];
            if (isset($parts['namespace'])) {
                $tag['namespace'] = $parts['namespace'];
            }
        }

        if (isset($tag['namespaceUri']) &amp;&amp; !empty($tag['namespaceUri'])) {
            // is a namespace given
            if (isset($tag['namespace']) &amp;&amp; !empty($tag['namespace'])) {
                $tag['attributes']['xmlns:' . $tag['namespace']]
                    = $tag['namespaceUri'];
            } else {
                // define this Uri as the default namespace
                $tag['attributes']['xmlns'] = $tag['namespaceUri'];
            }
        }

        if (!array_key_exists('content', $tag)) {
            $tag['content'] = '';
        }

        // check for multiline attributes
        if ($multiline === true) {
            if ($indent === '_auto') {
                $indent = str_repeat(' ', (strlen($tag['qname'])+2));
            }
        }

        // create attribute list
        $attList = XML_Util::attributesToString(
            $tag['attributes'],
            $sortAttributes, $multiline, $indent, $linebreak
        );

        switch ($replaceEntities) {
        case XML_UTIL_ENTITIES_NONE:
            break;
        case XML_UTIL_CDATA_SECTION:
            $tag['content'] = XML_Util::createCDataSection($tag['content']);
            break;
        default:
            $tag['content'] = XML_Util::replaceEntities(
                $tag['content'], $replaceEntities
            );
            break;
        }
        $tag = sprintf(
            '&lt;%s%s&gt;%s&lt;/%s&gt;', $tag['qname'], $attList, $tag['content'],
            $tag['qname']
        );

        return self::collapseEmptyTags($tag, $collapseTagMode);
    }

    /**
     * Create a start element
     *
     * &lt;code&gt;
     * require_once 'XML/Util.php';
     *
     * // create an XML start element:
     * $tag = XML_Util::createStartElement('myNs:myTag',
     *     array('foo' =&gt; 'bar') ,'http://www.w3c.org/myNs#');
     * &lt;/code&gt;
     *
     * @param string $qname          qualified tagname (including namespace)
     * @param array  $attributes     array containg attributes
     * @param string $namespaceUri   URI of the namespace
     * @param bool   $multiline      whether to create a multiline tag where each
     *                               attribute gets written to a single line
     * @param string $indent         string used to indent attributes (_auto indents
     *                               attributes so they start at the same column)
     * @param string $linebreak      string used for linebreaks
     * @param bool   $sortAttributes Whether to sort the attributes or not
     *
     * @return string XML start element
     * @see    createEndElement(), createTag()
     */
    public static function createStartElement(
        $qname, $attributes = array(), $namespaceUri = null,
        $multiline = false, $indent = '_auto', $linebreak = &quot;\n&quot;,
        $sortAttributes = true
    ) {
        // if no attributes hav been set, use empty attributes
        if (!isset($attributes) || !is_array($attributes)) {
            $attributes = array();
        }

        if ($namespaceUri != null) {
            $parts = XML_Util::splitQualifiedName($qname);
        }

        // check for multiline attributes
        if ($multiline === true) {
            if ($indent === '_auto') {
                $indent = str_repeat(' ', (strlen($qname)+2));
            }
        }

        if ($namespaceUri != null) {
            // is a namespace given
            if (isset($parts['namespace']) &amp;&amp; !empty($parts['namespace'])) {
                $attributes['xmlns:' . $parts['namespace']] = $namespaceUri;
            } else {
                // define this Uri as the default namespace
                $attributes['xmlns'] = $namespaceUri;
            }
        }

        // create attribute list
        $attList = XML_Util::attributesToString(
            $attributes, $sortAttributes,
            $multiline, $indent, $linebreak
        );
        $element = sprintf('&lt;%s%s&gt;', $qname, $attList);
        return  $element;
    }

    /**
     * Create an end element
     *
     * &lt;code&gt;
     * require_once 'XML/Util.php';
     *
     * // create an XML start element:
     * $tag = XML_Util::createEndElement('myNs:myTag');
     * &lt;/code&gt;
     *
     * @param string $qname qualified tagname (including namespace)
     *
     * @return string XML end element
     * @see    createStartElement(), createTag()
     */
    public static function createEndElement($qname)
    {
        $element = sprintf('&lt;/%s&gt;', $qname);
        return $element;
    }

    /**
     * Create an XML comment
     *
     * &lt;code&gt;
     * require_once 'XML/Util.php';
     *
     * // create an XML start element:
     * $tag = XML_Util::createComment('I am a comment');
     * &lt;/code&gt;
     *
     * @param string $content content of the comment
     *
     * @return string XML comment
     */
    public static function createComment($content)
    {
        $comment = sprintf('&lt;!-- %s --&gt;', $content);
        return $comment;
    }

    /**
     * Create a CData section
     *
     * &lt;code&gt;
     * require_once 'XML/Util.php';
     *
     * // create a CData section
     * $tag = XML_Util::createCDataSection('I am content.');
     * &lt;/code&gt;
     *
     * @param string $data data of the CData section
     *
     * @return string CData section with content
     */
    public static function createCDataSection($data)
    {
        return sprintf(
            '&lt;![CDATA[%s]]&gt;',
            preg_replace('/\]\]&gt;/', ']]]]&gt;&lt;![CDATA[&gt;', strval($data))
        );
    }

    /**
     * Split qualified name and return namespace and local part
     *
     * &lt;code&gt;
     * require_once 'XML/Util.php';
     *
     * // split qualified tag
     * $parts = XML_Util::splitQualifiedName('xslt:stylesheet');
     * &lt;/code&gt;
     * the returned array will contain two elements:
     * &lt;pre&gt;
     * array(
     *     'namespace' =&gt; 'xslt',
     *     'localPart' =&gt; 'stylesheet'
     * );
     * &lt;/pre&gt;
     *
     * @param string $qname     qualified tag name
     * @param string $defaultNs default namespace (optional)
     *
     * @return array array containing namespace and local part
     */
    public static function splitQualifiedName($qname, $defaultNs = null)
    {
        if (strstr($qname, ':')) {
            $tmp = explode(':', $qname);
            return array(
                'namespace' =&gt; $tmp[0],
                'localPart' =&gt; $tmp[1]
            );
        }
        return array(
            'namespace' =&gt; $defaultNs,
            'localPart' =&gt; $qname
        );
    }

    /**
     * Check, whether string is valid XML name
     *
     * &lt;p&gt;XML names are used for tagname, attribute names and various
     * other, lesser known entities.&lt;/p&gt;
     * &lt;p&gt;An XML name may only consist of alphanumeric characters,
     * dashes, undescores and periods, and has to start with a letter
     * or an underscore.&lt;/p&gt;
     *
     * &lt;code&gt;
     * require_once 'XML/Util.php';
     *
     * // verify tag name
     * $result = XML_Util::isValidName('invalidTag?');
     * if (is_a($result, 'PEAR_Error')) {
     *    print 'Invalid XML name: ' . $result-&gt;getMessage();
     * }
     * &lt;/code&gt;
     *
     * @param string $string string that should be checked
     *
     * @return mixed true, if string is a valid XML name, PEAR error otherwise
     *
     * @todo support for other charsets
     * @todo PEAR CS - unable to avoid 85-char limit on second preg_match
     */
    public static function isValidName($string)
    {
        // check for invalid chars
        if (!is_string($string) || !strlen($string) || !preg_match('/^[[:alpha:]_]\\z/', $string[0])) {
            return XML_Util::raiseError(
                'XML names may only start with letter or underscore',
                XML_UTIL_ERROR_INVALID_START
            );
        }

        // check for invalid chars
        $match = preg_match(
            '/^([[:alpha:]_]([[:alnum:]\-\.]*)?:)?'
            . '[[:alpha:]_]([[:alnum:]\_\-\.]+)?\\z/',
            $string
        );
        if (!$match) {
            return XML_Util::raiseError(
                'XML names may only contain alphanumeric '
                . 'chars, period, hyphen, colon and underscores',
                XML_UTIL_ERROR_INVALID_CHARS
            );
        }
        // XML name is valid
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Replacement for XML_Util::raiseError
     *
     * Avoids the necessity to always require
     * PEAR.php
     *
     * @param string $msg  error message
     * @param int    $code error code
     *
     * @return PEAR_Error
     * @todo   PEAR CS - should this use include_once instead?
     */
    public static function raiseError($msg, $code)
    {
        include_once 'PEAR.php';
        return PEAR::raiseError($msg, $code);
    }
}
?&gt;
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